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Chinese Physics B

Design of compact integrated diamond nitrogen–vacancy center quantum probe

Sheng-Kai Xia, Wen-Tao 文韬 Lu 卢, Xu-Tong 旭彤 Zhao 赵, Ya-Wen 雅文 Xue 薛, Zeng-Bo Xu, Shi-Yu Ge, Yang 洋 Wang 汪, Lin-Yan 林嫣 Yu 虞, Yu-Chen 雨辰 Bian 卞, Si-Han An, Bo 博 Yang 杨, Jian-Jun 建军 Xiang 向, Guanxiang Du

Published Feb 22, 2024• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An integrated quantum probe for magnetic field imaging is proposed, where the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center fixed at the fiber tip is located on the periphery of flexible ring resonator. Using flexible polyimide (PI) as the substrate medium, we design a circular microstrip antenna, which can achieve a bandwidth of 140 MHz at Zeeman splitting frequency of 2.87 GHz, specifically suitable for NV center experiments. Subsequently, this antenna is seamlessly fixed at a three-dimensional-printed cylindrical support, allowing the optical fiber tip to extend out of a dedicated aperture. To mitigate errors originating from processing, precise tuning within a narrow range can be achieved by adjusting the conformal amplitude. Finally, we image the microwave magnetic field around the integrated probe with high resolution, and determine the suitable area for placing the fiber tip (SAP).

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ad2bf6

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•Jul 30, 2025•0 citations
An integrated quantum probe for magnetic field imaging is proposed, where the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center fixed at the fiber tip is located on the periphery of flexible ring resonator. Using flexible polyimide (PI) as the substrate medium, we design a circular microstrip antenna, which can achieve a bandwidth of 140 MHz at Zeeman splitting frequency of 2.87 GHz, specifically suitable for NV center experiments. Subsequently, this antenna is seamlessly fixed at a three-dimensional-printed cylindrical support, allowing the optical fiber tip to extend out of a dedicated aperture. To mitigate errors originating from processing, precise tuning within a narrow range can be achieved by adjusting the conformal amplitude. Finally, we image the microwave magnetic field around the integrated probe with high resolution, and determine the suitable area for placing the fiber tip (SAP).
A tightly linked dual ring antenna is designed, and it is specifically tailored for uniformly coupling the microwave magnetic field to the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. The designed antenna operates at a center frequency of about 2.87 GHz, with a bandwidth of around 200 MHz, allowing it to address multiple resonance peaks in the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectrum in an external magnetic field. Moreover, the antenna generates a fairly uniform magnetic field in a range with a radius of 0.75 mm. High resolution imaging of the magnetic field distribution on the surface of the antenna is conducted by using a fiber diamond probe. We also investigate the effect of magnetic field uniformity on the linewidth of ODMR, so as to provide insights into reducing the inhomogeneous broadening of ODMR.
For quantum sensing based on nitrogen-vacancies (NV) ensembles, microwave antennas can couple the microwave field to the NV center, which leads it to becoming the core of spin manipulation and can directly affect the sensitivity of quantum sensing. The double split-ring resonator is a widely used microwave device for NV ensembles due to the advantages of high radiation efficiency and uniform magnetic field in millimeter-scale areas. But the bandwidth (30 MHz) is quite narrow which limits the application in quantum sensing with NV ensembles. Here, we experimentally achieve continuous tuning of the resonant frequency of the double split-ring resonator by changing the copper sheet position on the edge of the outer ring. The frequency tuning range can reach 80 MHz, up to 2-3 times the bandwidth, which can cover the transition of the electron spin under different magnetic field conditions. The performance of the tunable antenna in the quantum operation of NV centers is verified by optically detected magnetic resonance and Rabi oscillation. This tunable antenna is promising in the fabrication of integrated and arrayed quantum sensors based on NV ensembles.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a prime candidate for quantum sensing technologies. Here, we present a fully integrated and mechanically robust fiber-based endoscopic sensor with a tip diameter of 1.25 mm . On its tip, a direct laser-writing process is used to secure a diamond containing NV centers above the fiber’s core inside a polymer structure. Additionally, a metallic direct laser-written antenna structure next to the fiber facet allows efficient microwave manipulation of NV-center spins. The sensor achieves a shot-noise-limited magnetic-field sensitivity of 5.9 nT / Hz using a 15 − μ m -sized microdiamond at a microwave power of 50 mW and an optical power of 2.15 mW . Using lock-in techniques, we measure a sensitivity of 51.8 nT / Hz . Furthermore, we introduce a dual-fiber concept that enables, in combination with a direct laser-written structure, independent guiding of excitation and fluorescence light and thus reduces background autofluorescence. Moreover, controlled guiding of excitation light to the diamond while avoiding sample illumination may enable operation in light-sensitive environments such as biological tissue. While the demonstrated sensitivity is achieved using a single-fiber configuration, the dual-fiber approach provides a path toward integrating smaller diamonds, where autofluorescence would otherwise limit performance. We demonstrate the capability of vector magnetic-field measurements in the type of magnetic field used in state-of-the-art ultracold quantum gas experiments, opening a potential arena in which high resolution and high sensitivity are required.
Individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are versatile, spin-based quantum sensors. Coherently controlling the spin of NV centers using microwaves in a typical frequency range between 2.5 and 3.5 GHz is necessary for sensing applications. In this work, we present a stripline-based, planar, Ω-shaped microwave antenna that enables one to reliably manipulate NV spins. We found an optimal antenna design using finite integral simulations. We fabricated our antennas on low-cost, transparent glass substrate. We created highly uniform microwave fields in areas of roughly 400 × 400 μm2 while realizing high Rabi frequencies of up to 10 MHz in an ensemble of NV centers.
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) diamonds are promising room temperature quantum sensors. As the technology moves towards application, efficient use of energy and cost become critical for miniaturization. This work focuses on microwave-based spin control using the short-circuited end of a slot line, analyzed by finite element method (FEM) for magnetic field amplitude and uniformity. A microstrip-to-slot-line converter with a −10 dB bandwidth of 3.2 GHz was implemented. Rabi oscillation measurements with an NV microdiamond on a glass fiber show uniform excitation over 1.5 MHz across the slot, allowing spin manipulation within the coherence time of the NV center.