A secure vehicular communication system is crucial for preventing vehicle collisions on foggy highways; however, unconditionally powerful attackers can be the reason for vehicle chaos and accidents. Quantum cryptographic protocols offer a solution by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to provide inherently secure vehicular communication. The existing protocols cannot prevent quantum computer attacks. These protocols also require more computation costs. In this paper, we proposed a quantum protocol for vehicular communication based on Nash equilibrium, which can prevent quantum computer attacks. We use the Nash equilibrium to resist the collusion attack. In this protocol, we considered quantum attacks and computation costs as the performance parameters. The computation cost of this protocol is$O(1)$as the TCS only needs to perform a one-time computation for sharing the secret signal. In our protocol, the share of secret signals is regularly transmitted to the vehicles, and vehicles jointly compute the secret signals to avoid vehicle chaos and accidents. The proposed protocol can be deployed on foggy highways to avoid vehicle chaos and accidents.
A secure vehicular communication system is crucial for preventing vehicle collisions on foggy highways; however, unconditionally powerful attackers can be the reason for vehicle chaos and accidents. Quantum cryptographic protocols offer a solution by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to provide inherently secure vehicular communication. The existing protocols cannot prevent quantum computer attacks. These protocols also require more computation costs. In this paper, we proposed a quantum protocol for vehicular communication based on Nash equilibrium, which can prevent quantum computer attacks. We use the Nash equilibrium to resist the collusion attack. In this protocol, we considered quantum attacks and computation costs as the performance parameters. The computation cost of this protocol isO(1)as the TCS only needs to perform a one-time computation for sharing the secret signal. In our protocol, the share of secret signals is regularly transmitted to the vehicles, and vehicles jointly compute the secret signals to avoid vehicle chaos and accidents. The proposed protocol can be deployed on foggy highways to avoid vehicle chaos and accidents.
In foggy highways, the secure vehicular communication system can be very important in preventing traffic chaos, congestion, and accident; however, potential attackers may hack this system that can create many problems in controlling or managing the traffic. In this paper, we propose a quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication for foggy highways, which is unconditionally secure against outside and participant attacks. The outside attacks include intercept, intercept-resend, entangle-measure, man-in-the-middle, collective, Trojan horse, and coherent attacks; whereas, the participant attacks include the collusion, forgery, and collision attacks. In this protocol, the traffic control system broadcasts the information regularly so that the vehicles can take appropriate action and avoid traffic chaos, congestion, and accidents. This protocol can be used on busy and foggy highways such as the interstate-75 highway in the United States, M4 motorway in England, Tohoku Expressway in Japan, and Yamuna Expressway in India to prevent vehicle collisions. Quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication is important because they provide a highly secure method of communication that is immune to eavesdropping and interception. The motivation for developing the quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication comes from the growing need for secure communication in the digital age.
Potential adversary and maliciously-behaved vehicles may cause traffic chaos or even lead to traffic accidents (particularly on traffic congestion crossroads). To address this issue, a novel security scheme is proposed for facilitating an efficient vehicular communication by employing a quantum secret sharing method. In the proposed scheme, the traffic control information is broadcasted regularly and shared among vehicles to reduce traffic congestion, and thus avoiding traffic accidents. Finally, we also demonstrate the superiority performance of our proposed scheme through theoretical and numerical simulation analysis.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is one of the most popular techniques among the applications of Internet of Things. The existing IoVs are mainly protected by public key cryptographic systems, which provide identity authentication and information security. Nevertheless, using the proposed Shor's algorithm, the security of all classical cryptographic schemes will be exposed to future quantum computer technologies. Fortunately, based on the unconditional security property of quantum mechanics, direct communication protocols can resist quantum computer attacks and deliver secret messages directly without the requirement of pre-shared keys. For IoV networks, we present a continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication (CV-QSDC) protocol in which the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is used as the information carrier. For one thing, the field of continuous-variable quantum communication system is compatible with the standard telecommunication technology; for another, orbital angular momentum eigenstates for coding possess higher information capacity.
ABSTRACT With the rapid advancement of Internet of Vehicles technology (IoV), secure vehicle communication has become a core requirement for intelligent transportation systems. However, traditional cryptographic protocols face limitations in security, particularly against potential quantum computing attacks. This paper proposes an authenticable threshold quantum secret sharing protocol for secure vehicle communication. In this scheme, a traffic control system acts as the dealer, encoding traffic status or control commands into single‐photon states and distributing them to uniquely identified vehicles. Any vehicles within the vehicle cluster can collaboratively reconstruct the secret. Analysis shows that the protocol satisfies correctness and is resistant to common attacks, including intercept‐resend, entangle‐measure, man‐in‐the‐middle and Trojan horse attacks. Performance analysis quantifies the effect of noise on the transmission of quantum states and provides guidance for the choice of quantum states. Compared with existing vehicle security protocols, the proposed scheme demonstrates advantages in security and efficiency, making it suitable for high‐security IoV scenarios such as foggy highways and cooperative driving.
Many cryptographic techniques have been proposed to conceive a secure and privacy-oriented vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) for its practical deployment. The security of these techniques requires a common secret key to be shared between the communicating entities or depend upon the premise that some mathematical problems are computationally hard. However, because of the open nature of the wireless medium, the communication cannot be kept confidential and is prone to eavesdropping. Furthermore, with the arrival of quantum computers, these techniques are prone to quantum attacks—the time complexity of the assumed hard problem gets reduced from millions of years to a few seconds. In this paper, we propose a conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on a quantum key distribution protocol for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Our scheme inherits the properties of the quantum key distribution protocol. It does not require a secret authentication key to be transmitted conventionally and is resistant to quantum attacks. Apart from protecting VANETs against generic security threats, including node impersonation, message tampering, and repudiation, our scheme defends VANETs against man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, etc. Besides, our protocol ensures message unlinkability, vehicle-identity privacy, and vehicle traceability if a vehicle misbehaves. The results obtained from the performance evaluation of our scheme confirm reasonable values of information leakage, key length, bit error probability, etc.
Recently, Sutradhar (2024) proposed a quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication. The author claimed that the proposed protocol is unconditionally secure and can resist various well-known security attacks of outsiders or participants. However, in this comment article, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol is vulnerable to an entangle-measure attack by a dishonest participant and an outsider, and a collusion attack by dishonest participants. In addition, theoretically it cannot guarantee the unconditional security because the hash function is not a perfect one-way function.