The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is one of the most popular techniques among the applications of Internet of Things. The existing IoVs are mainly protected by public key cryptographic systems, which provide identity authentication and information security. Nevertheless, using the proposed Shor's algorithm, the security of all classical cryptographic schemes will be exposed to future quantum computer technologies. Fortunately, based on the unconditional security property of quantum mechanics, direct communication protocols can resist quantum computer attacks and deliver secret messages directly without the requirement of pre-shared keys. For IoV networks, we present a continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication (CV-QSDC) protocol in which the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is used as the information carrier. For one thing, the field of continuous-variable quantum communication system is compatible with the standard telecommunication technology; for another, orbital angular momentum eigenstates for coding possess higher information capacity.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is one of the most popular techniques among the applications of Internet of Things. The existing IoVs are mainly protected by public key cryptographic systems, which provide identity authentication and information security. Nevertheless, using the proposed Shor's algorithm, the security of all classical cryptographic schemes will be exposed to future quantum computer technologies. Fortunately, based on the unconditional security property of quantum mechanics, direct communication protocols can resist quantum computer attacks and deliver secret messages directly without the requirement of pre-shared keys. For IoV networks, we present a continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication (CV-QSDC) protocol in which the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is used as the information carrier. For one thing, the field of continuous-variable quantum communication system is compatible with the standard telecommunication technology; for another, orbital angular momentum eigenstates for coding possess higher information capacity.
The existing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols mainly make use of the spin angular momentum and entangled photons, to realize direct transmission of confidential information. But those protocols' capacity is low, only one-bit information. On the other hand, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a photon can be theoretically evaluated from minus infinity to infinity, and the angular momentum states of different orbits are orthogonal to each other. Given that, in this paper, we propose a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on OAM. Specifically, taking OAM of photons as the information carrier, the data of information is segmented and high-capacity coding in quantum secure direct communication is realized through the segmentation of sector states.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a approach of communication to transmit secret messages base on quantum mechanics. Different from the quantum key distribution, secret messages can be transmitted directly on quantum channel with QSDC. Higher channel capacity and noise suppression capabilities are key to achieving long-distance quantum communication. Here we report a continuous-variable QSDC scheme based on mask-coding and orbital angular momentum, in which the mask-coding is employed to protect the security of the transmitting messages and to suppression the influence of excess noise. And the combination of orbital angular momentum and the information block transmission can effectively improve the secrecy capacity. In the 800 information blocks * 1310 bits length 10-km experiment, the results show that the statistical average of bit error rate has decreased by 36% and reached 0.38% comparing to existing solutions, and the system excess noise is 0.0184 SNU, and the final secrecy capacity is 6.319 * 106 bps. Therefore, this scheme reduces error bits while increasing secrecy capacity, providing a solution for long-distance large-scale quantum communication.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with the feature of allowing secret messages to be communicated directly over quantum channels has two approaches including discrete variable and continuous variable (CV). Among of them, the CVQSDC system indicates the advantages of high secrecy capacity and low experimental cost. As the number of eigenstates is unbounded, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an efficient method to increase the secrecy capacity in a CVQSDC system. However, OAM is very vulnerable to atmospheric turbulence, resulting in a phase distortion quantum state. In this work, we propose a CVQSDC protocol with OAM multiplexing, and reveal how the channel parameters, especially transmittance and excess noise, are influenced by atmospheric effects through the simulation experiment. On this basis, the security of the system is further analyzed and the secrecy capacity calculated. The results indicated that the increase in turbulence intensity leads to enhanced crosstalk between the OAM angular modes, which in turn leads to a decrease in the effective transmittance and an increase in the excess noise. Meanwhile, the results also showed that the secrecy capacity decreases with the increase of transmission distance, atmospheric turbulence intensity, and angular mode; in addition, OAM multiplexing can obtain more secrecy capacity compared with a single link.
Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a communication method based on quantum mechanics and it is used to transmit secret messages. Unlike quantum key distribution, secret messages can be transmitted directly on a quantum channel with QSDC. Higher channel capacity and noise suppression capabilities are key to achieving long-distance quantum communication. Here, we report a continuous-variable QSDC scheme based on mask-coding and orbital angular momentum, in which the mask-coding is employed to protect the security of the transmitting messages and to suppress the influence of excess noise. The combination of orbital angular momentum and information block transmission effectively improves the secrecy capacity. In the 800 information blocks ×1310 bits length 10-km experiment, the results show a statistical average bit error rate of 0.38%, a system excess noise value of 0.0184 SNU, and a final secrecy capacity of 6.319 × 10 6 bps. Therefore, this scheme reduces error bits while increasing secrecy capacity, providing a solution for long-distance large-scale quantum communication, which is capable of transmitting text, images and other information of reasonable size.
The rapid advance of manufacturing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, aka drones) has led to a rise in the use of their civilian and commercial applications. The access of these drones to controlled airspace can be efficiently coordinated through particular layered network architecture, often referred to as the Internet-of-Drones (IoD). The nature of IoD, which is deployed in an open-access environment, brings significant safety and security concerns. Classical cryptosystems such as elliptic curve cryptography, Rivest-Shamir-Adleman, and Diffie-Hellman are essential building blocks to secure communication in the IoD. However, with the rapid development of quantum computing, it will be easy to break public-key cryptosystems using efficient quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm. Thus, building quantum-safe solutions to enhance IoD security has become imperative. Fortunately, quantum technologies can provide unconditional security solutions to protect data and communications in the IoD environment. This paper proposes a quantum-based scheme to prevent unauthorized drones from accessing a specific flight zone and authenticates the identities and shared secret messages of involved entities. To do so, we used a quantum channel to encode the private information based on a pre-shared key and a random key generated in session. The involved entities also perform mutual authentication and share a secret key. We also provide the security proofs and analysis of the proposed scheme that indicates its resistance to well-known attacks.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a hot research issue at home and abroad. However, with the development of intelligent, sharing and network connection of IoV technology, the security protection of IoV communication has become a focus. Traditional encryption technology relies on encryption systems, whose security relies on the difficulty of solving mathematical problems and cannot resist quantum computing attacks. The security of classical encryption-based data transmission has been challenged. Therefore, it is imperative to realize secure transmission in IoV based on quantum technologies such as quantum teleportation. In this paper, based on the secure transmission of shared secret states, the author has designed a model for the secure transmission of data among multiple vehicles, which does not require trusted client nodes and thus improves the performance against node attacks. Further, considering the communication distance in practical situations, the quantum repeater is introduced to construct a quantum state transmission model based on the quantum repeater in IoV to realize secure communication among multiple vehicles. Compared with traditional data transmission, the quantum state transmission data is more secure and unbreakable, which provides a new idea for constructing secure communication in IoV.