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Progress In Electromagnetics Research B

Quantum Illumination Radar Using Polarization States of Photons in Atmosphere: Quantum Information Approach

Sylvain Borderieux, Arnaud Coatanhay, Ali Khenchaf

Published Jan 1, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum illumination radar uses pairs of entangled photons to enhance the detection sensitivity of a reflecting target.In this paper, we worked on a quantum illumination radar using a pair of entangled photons in polarization in the microwave frequency range in the atmosphere.We studied the quantum information evolution modeling the propagation of a photon in the atmosphere while building two binary decision strategies for the QI radar.We focused on the quantum information evolution showing that the quantum discord representing quantum correlations beyond entanglement could represent an interesting resource to explore for the subject of quantum radar.In addition, we made an approximative estimation of the entanglement survival distance in the atmosphere.Results showed that an optimization should be found to favour the survival of quantum correlations or the signal-to-noise ratios calculated with the binary decision strategy.

DOI
10.2528/pierb23051804

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The quantum illumination radar uses pairs of entangled photons to enhance the detection sensitivity of a reflecting target.In this paper, we worked on a quantum illumination radar using a pair of entangled photons in polarization in the microwave frequency range in the atmosphere.We studied the quantum information evolution modeling the propagation of a photon in the atmosphere while building two binary decision strategies for the QI radar.We focused on the quantum information evolution showing that the quantum discord representing quantum correlations beyond entanglement could represent an interesting resource to explore for the subject of quantum radar.In addition, we made an approximative estimation of the entanglement survival distance in the atmosphere.Results showed that an optimization should be found to favour the survival of quantum correlations or the signal-to-noise ratios calculated with the binary decision strategy.
A quantum illumination radar uses quantum entanglement to enhance photodetection sensitivity. The entanglement is quickly destroyed by the decoherence in an environment, although the sensitivity enhancement could survive thanks to quantum correlations beyond the entanglement. These quantum correlations are quantified by the quantum discord. Here, we use a toy model with an amplitude damping channel and Lloyd's binary decision strategy to highlight the possible role of these correlations from the perspective of a quantum radar.
Quantum radar systems leverage entangled photon pairs to detect and identify targets in noisy or cluttered environments with sensitivity beyond classical limits. By transmitting one photon of an entangled pair toward a distant object while retaining its partner locally, the system exploits quantum correlations to improve signal discrimination, reduce noise susceptibility, and enhance detection probability. This paper outlines the physical principles, operational architecture, and performance advantages of entanglement‑based illumination, providing a clear foundation for future quantum‑enhanced sensing technologies.(If you want it shorter, longer, or more formal, tap: shorter paragraph, longer paragraph, more formal)
The conventional radar theory relies on the classical electromagnetic wave theory to run. On the contrary, a quantum radar will relie on the quantum mechanic theory to run. A quantum radar that uses the quantum illumination based on photon entanglement enables to get a better detection sensitivity. In this paper, we highlight the influence of the propagation environment on the quantum illumination radar scheme. Our approach consists in describing the quantum information evolution inside the radar and the entanglement rate with a mathematical parameter which represents the interaction strength of the propagation medium on the quantum system used by the radar.
Entangled light sources for illuminating objects offer advantages over conventional illumination methods by enhancing the detection sensitivity of reflecting objects. The core of the quantum advantage lies in effectively exploiting quantum correlations to isolate noise and detect objects with low reflectivity. This work experimentally demonstrates the benefits of using polarization-entangled photon pairs for quantum illumination and shows that the quantum correlation measure, using CHSH value and normalized CHSH value, is robust against losses, noise, and depolarization. We report the detection of objects with reflectivity (η) as low as 0.05 and an object submerged in noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.003 using quantum correlation and residual quantum correlation measures, surpassing previous results. Additionally, we demonstrate that the normalized CHSH value aids in estimating the reflectivity of the detected object. Furthermore, we analyze the robustness of the correlation measure under photon attenuation in atmospheric conditions to show the practical feasibility of real-time applications.
Quantum radar uses the strong correlations of entangled photons and has a great potential to improve the detection sensitivity. Recently, many research results have been achieved in theoretical analysis and experiments on the performance advantages of quantum illumination radar. However, there are limited researches on its detection range. Based on the analysis of the noise tolerance of entangled state photons, we study the advantages of quantum illumination radar in detection range based on radar equation. It is shown that the detection range of quantum illumination radar is larger than that of classical radar in some regimes due to the strong noise suppression ability of quantum radar.
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of two classes of quantum radars, including quantum direct-detection and quantum-entangled noise radars. In the first case, inspired by the well-established concept of single-photon LiDARs, we investigated the performance of single-photon radars, in which state-of-the-art single microwave-photon detectors are employed to enhance the detection sensitivity and enable the detection of weaker signals. We derived analytical expressions for the maximum detection range of both classes of quantum radars in terms of the Lambert W function, by considering all relevant system, target, and environmental parameters. Our formulation facilitates direct comparison of noise radars with direct-detection radars and suggests that a quantum-entangled noise radar can be regarded as an enhanced direct-detection radar with an effective threshold signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, we applied this framework to classical-correlated noise radars and defined the parameter range enhancement factor (REF) to quantify the superiority of quantum-entangled noise radars over their classical counterparts. Moreover, we introduced a rule-of-thumb for approximating the REF. We also examined the influence of limitations imposed by various microwave detection technologies. Our analysis shows that the conventional antennas limit the potential benefits of quantum-entangled noise radar systems. We also demonstrated that the optimal detection method for these radars is a microwave detector based on a quantum transducer combined with a single optical-photon detector. We showed that, with the current technology, implementing a quantum-entangled noise radar with the maximum detection range on the order of few kilometers is possible. Finally, we explored the potential applications of quantum-entangled noise radars.