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Instruments and Experimental Techniques

A Two-Frequency Resonator for Exciting Hyperfine Transitions in a Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Center in Diamond

Vladimir V. Soshenko, И. С. Кожокару, Stepan V. Bolshedvorskii, Olga R. Rubinas, А. М. Козодаев, С. М. Дрофа, P. G. Vilyuzhanina, E. A. Primak, Andrey N. Smolyaninov, Alexey V. Akimov

Published Aug 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The results of the development of a two-frequency resonator operating at frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, which correspond to the frequencies of hyperfine transitions of the ground state of a nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond, are presented. The efficiency of the resonator has been demonstrated via observation of Rabi oscillations. With a resonator input power of 0.3 W, the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field was 1.6 and 1 mT for field frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, respectively.

DOI
10.1134/s0020441223030132

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arXiv:2301.03911•Review of Scientific Instruments•Feb 1, 2023•8 citations
Abstract The results of the development of a two-frequency resonator operating at frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, which correspond to the frequencies of hyperfine transitions of the ground state of a nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond, are presented. The efficiency of the resonator has been demonstrated via observation of Rabi oscillations. With a resonator input power of 0.3 W, the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field was 1.6 and 1 mT for field frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, respectively.
The results of the development of a two-frequency resonator operating at frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, which correspond to the frequencies of hyperfine transitions of the ground state of a nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond, are presented. The efficiency of the resonator has been demonstrated via observation of Rabi oscillations. With a resonator input power of 0.3 W, the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field was 1.6 and 1 mT for field frequencies of 4.95 and 7.1 MHz, respectively.
We present results of our research on two-field (two-frequency) microwave spectroscopy in nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) color centers in a diamond. Both fields are tuned to transitions between the spin sublevels of the $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ensemble in the 3A2{}^{3}{A}_{2}3A2​ ground state (one field has a fixed frequency while the second one is scanned). Particular attention is focused on the case where two microwave fields drive the same transition between two $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state sublevels (${m}_{\mathrm{s}}=0\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{m}_{\mathrm{s}}=+1$). In this case, the observed spectra exhibit a complex narrow structure composed of three Lorentzian resonances positioned at the pump-field frequency. The resonance widths and amplitudes depend on the lifetimes of the levels involved in the transition. We attribute the spectra to coherent population oscillations induced by the two nearly degenerate microwave fields, which we have also observed in real time. The observations agree well with a theoretical model and can be useful for investigation of the NV relaxation mechanisms.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond has found applications in magnetometry across various geometrical scales. In particular, vector magnetometry using hand-held devices with low power consumption is of interest for mobile and geological applications. However, such a device requires efficient driving of the four different orientations of the NV center, thus placing demands on a broadband microwave resonator that provides a uniform and highly insensitive microwave magnetic field at the resonance frequencies of the NV centers. Here, we propose a unique planar resonator design that enables efficient driving of all four orientations of NV color centers over a 100 MHz range with only 0.5 W of microwave input power and 250 mW of laser power, allowing vector magnetic field measurements. Using the planar resonator to drive NV centers in diamond, a compact vector magnetometer was fabricated and experimentally studied. The sensitivity of the device is about 1.2 nT/Hz  {1.2\text{ nT}}/{\sqrt{\text{Hz}}}\;1.2 nT/Hz​. While this is not a record sensitivity for diamond-based magnetometers, this device occupies its own niche as a compact hand-held magnetometer.
We have realized a compact radiofrequency spectrum analyzer based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. The RF spectral components are spatially encoded by means of a Zeeman shift of the NV resonances induced by a magnetic field gradient. The fluorescence of the NV centers is imaged on a CMOS detector array using a gradient index lens. The spectral components of the signal are revealed by the appearance of dark lines in the image. We observed frequencies up to 10 GHz, with a resolution of a few MHz and a RF sensitivity of the order of 100 µW.
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.