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arXiv:2301.03911 · Review of Scientific Instruments

Variable bandwidth, high efficiency microwave resonator for control of spin-qubits in nitrogen-vacancy centers

Anton Savitsky, Jingfu Zhang, Dieter Suter

Published Feb 1, 2023• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.

DOI
10.1063/5.0125628

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Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.
Individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are versatile, spin-based quantum sensors. Coherently controlling the spin of NV centers using microwaves in a typical frequency range between 2.5 and 3.5 GHz is necessary for sensing applications. In this work, we present a stripline-based, planar, Ω-shaped microwave antenna that enables one to reliably manipulate NV spins. We found an optimal antenna design using finite integral simulations. We fabricated our antennas on low-cost, transparent glass substrate. We created highly uniform microwave fields in areas of roughly 400 × 400 μm2 while realizing high Rabi frequencies of up to 10 MHz in an ensemble of NV centers.
For quantum sensing based on nitrogen-vacancies (NV) ensembles, microwave antennas can couple the microwave field to the NV center, which leads it to becoming the core of spin manipulation and can directly affect the sensitivity of quantum sensing. The double split-ring resonator is a widely used microwave device for NV ensembles due to the advantages of high radiation efficiency and uniform magnetic field in millimeter-scale areas. But the bandwidth (30 MHz) is quite narrow which limits the application in quantum sensing with NV ensembles. Here, we experimentally achieve continuous tuning of the resonant frequency of the double split-ring resonator by changing the copper sheet position on the edge of the outer ring. The frequency tuning range can reach 80 MHz, up to 2-3 times the bandwidth, which can cover the transition of the electron spin under different magnetic field conditions. The performance of the tunable antenna in the quantum operation of NV centers is verified by optically detected magnetic resonance and Rabi oscillation. This tunable antenna is promising in the fabrication of integrated and arrayed quantum sensors based on NV ensembles.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond has found applications in magnetometry across various geometrical scales. In particular, vector magnetometry using hand-held devices with low power consumption is of interest for mobile and geological applications. However, such a device requires efficient driving of the four different orientations of the NV center, thus placing demands on a broadband microwave resonator that provides a uniform and highly insensitive microwave magnetic field at the resonance frequencies of the NV centers. Here, we propose a unique planar resonator design that enables efficient driving of all four orientations of NV color centers over a 100 MHz range with only 0.5 W of microwave input power and 250 mW of laser power, allowing vector magnetic field measurements. Using the planar resonator to drive NV centers in diamond, a compact vector magnetometer was fabricated and experimentally studied. The sensitivity of the device is about 1.2 nT/Hz  {1.2\text{ nT}}/{\sqrt{\text{Hz}}}\;1.2 nT/Hz​. While this is not a record sensitivity for diamond-based magnetometers, this device occupies its own niche as a compact hand-held magnetometer.
We present a wideband balun-based microwave device for quantum manipulation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. The device employs a balun with multi-section Chebyshev impedance transformer to realize the conversion from the unbalanced feed line to the balanced feed line and ensures impedance matching. A bandwidth of 2.2 GHz with the maximum resonance frequency up to 4.4 GHz has been realized, which is important for multi-qubit quantum control of the nitrogen-vacancy centers. We also carry out optically detected magnetic resonance to observe Rabi oscillations and calibrate the strength of the microwave magnetic field generated by the microwave device. With an input power of 0.5 W, the Rabi frequencies can reach 6.17 MHz and 6.06 MHz for resonant microwave at 1.40 GHz and 4.34 GHz, respectively. Combining with large bandwidth and excellent magnetic field homogeneity, the device can be applied in solid-state quantum information processing.
Developing high performance portable sensors is of significant importance for both terrestrial and satellite communications, with quantum sensors offering potential advantages in sensitivity and bandwidth. The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond is a popular quantum sensing platform for its relative simplicity and wide range of acceptable operating conditions, but suffers a limited instantaneous bandwidth due to the narrow linewidth of the spin resonance. In this work, we first present a magnetic quantum sensing scheme utilizing heterodyne mixing with strong optical and microwave driving, achieving MHz-scale instantaneous bandwidth with a sensitivity of 548  pT/Hz548 \; \text{pT/}\sqrt{\text{Hz}}548pT/Hz​ in an active diamond volume of $ 2.5\times 10^{-4} \; \text{mm}^3$ with 2×10112 \times 10^{11}2×1011 NV centers. We then demonstrate expansion of the sensing bandwidth by employing a strong magnetic gradient and many individually modulated microwave control fields, expanding the single resonance bandwidth to 48 MHz with a peak sensitivity of 8.5  nT/Hz8.5 \; \text{nT/}\sqrt{\text{Hz}}8.5nT/Hz​.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been used as platforms for quantum information, magnetometry and imaging of microwave (MW) fields. The spatial distribution of the MW fields used to drive the electron spin of NV centers plays a key role for these applications. Here, we report a system for the control and characterization of MW magnetic fields used for the NV spin manipulation. The control of the MW field in the vicinity of a diamond surface is mediated by an exchangeable lumped resonator, coupled inductively to a MW planar ring antenna. The characterization of the MW fields in the near-field is performed by an FFT imaging of Rabi oscillations, by using an ensemble of NV centers. We have found that the Rabi frequency over a lumped resonator is enhanced 22 times compared to the Rabi frequency without the presence of the lumped resonator. Our system may find applications in quantum information and magnetometry where a precise and controlled spin manipulation is required, showing NV centers as good candidates for imaging MW fields and characterization of MW devices.