Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Wireless Key Generation Scheme Based on Random Permutation and Perturbation in Quasistatic Environments

Liquan Chen, Lu Si Yi, Tianyu Lu, Zhaofa Chen, Aiqun Hu

Published Apr 27, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The wireless key generation using wireless channel reciprocity has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades. However, there are many challenges for the key generation in quasistatic wireless environments. The key generation rate (KGR) in a quasistatic environment is low, and the randomness of the key is insufficient, which is difficult to meet the secure communication requirements. To tackle these issues, a random permutation and perturbation-based wireless key generation (RPP-WKG) scheme is proposed to improve the KGR and randomness in quasistatic environments. Unlike existing key generation schemes, the RPP-WKG scheme allows the two legitimate users to generate the same secret key based on their random permuted channel measurements. Besides, the perturbed key sequence will be obtained by combining the initial key generated after quantization and the permutation order sequence through the XOR operation. Simulation results show that the proposed RPP-WKG scheme can generate secret keys with a high generation rate, sufficient randomness, a low mismatch rate, and a low correlation coefficient in quasistatic environments.

DOI
10.1155/2023/6980619

Related papers

Random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation

Xinjin Lu, Jing Lei, Wei Li

The physical layer key generation technique provides an efficient method, which utilizes the natural dynamics of wireless channel. However, there are some extremely challenging security scenarios such as static or quasi-static environment, which lead to the low randomness of generated keys. Meanwhile, the coefficients of the static channel may be dropped into the guard space and discarded by the quantization approach, which causes low key generation rate. To tackle these issues, we propose a random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation scheme (RCMP-WKG), where new random resources with remarkable fluctuations can be obtained by applying random coefficient and by moving product on the legitimate nodes. Furthermore, appropriate quantization approaches are used to increase the key generation rate. Moreover, the security of our proposed scheme is evaluated by analyzing different attacks and the eavesdropper's mean square error (MSE). The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can achieve better performances in key capacity, key inconsistency rate (KIR) and key generation rate (KGR) compared with the prior works in static environment. Besides, the proposed scheme can deteriorate the MSE performance of the eavesdropper and improve the key generation performance of legitimate nodes by controlling the length of the moving product.

China Communications•Feb 1, 2025•1 citation

A Practical Secret Key Generation Scheme Based on Wireless Channel Characteristics for 5G Networks

Qiuhua Wang, Mingyang KANG, Guohua Wu +2 more

Secret key generation based on channel characteristics is an effective physical-layer security method for 5G wireless networks. The issues of how to ensure the high key generation rate and correlation of the secret key under active attack are needed to be addressed. In this paper, a new practical secret key generation scheme with high rate and correlation is proposed. In our proposed scheme, Alice and Bob transmit independent random sequences instead of known training sequences or probing signals; neither Alice nor Bob can decode these random sequences or estimate the channel. User's random sequences together with the channel effects are used as common random source to generate the secret key. With this solution, legitimate users are able to share secret keys with sufficient length and high security under active attack. We evaluate the proposed scheme through both analytic and simulation studies. The results show that our proposed scheme achieves high key generation rate and key security, and is suitable for 5G wireless networks with resource-constrained devices.

IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems•Jan 31, 2020•7 citations

Bipartite Graph Matching Based Secret Key Generation

Hongbo Liu, Yan Wang, Yanzhi Ren +1 more

The physical layer secret key generation exploiting wireless channel reciprocity has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades. On-going research have demonstrated its viability in various radio frequency (RF) systems. Most of existing work rely on quantization technique to convert channel measurements into digital binaries that are suitable for secret key generation. However, non-simultaneous packet exchanges in time division duplex systems and noise effects in practice usually create random channel measurements between two users, leading to inconsistent quantization results and mismatched secret bits. While significant efforts were spent in recent research to mitigate such non-reciprocity, no efficient method has been found yet. Unlike existing quantization-based approaches, we take a different viewpoint and perform the secret key agreement by solving a bipartite graph matching problem. Specifically, an efficient dual-permutation secret key generation method, DP-SKG, is developed to match the randomly permuted channel measurements between a pair of users by minimizing their discrepancy holistically. DP-SKG allows two users to generate the same secret key based on the permutation order of channel measurements despite the non-reciprocity over wireless channels. Extensive experimental results show that DP-SKG could achieve error-free key agreement on received signal strength (RSS) with a low cost under various scenarios.

IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)•May 10, 2021•26 citations

Performance Improvement of Secret Key Generation Scheme in Wireless Indoor Environment

Mike Yuliana, Wirawan, Suwadi

The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.

International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS)•Apr 17, 2022•20 citations

Stochastic Perturbation-based Physical-Layer Secret Key Generation in Quasi-Static Scene

Jianghao Jiao, Liquan Chen

A secret key generation scheme based on stochastic perturbation is proposed to improve the generated secret key rate for quasi-static channels in Internet of Things (IoT). First, the two legitimate nodes send training sequences to estimate the channel information and the initial key is obtained by quantization. Second, each sub-key in the initial key is classified, which the classification label is the column value in the stochastic perturbation matrix. Finally, each sub-key is combined with the corresponding stochastic perturbation sequence through XOR operation to obtain the perturbed key estimation sequence. The simulation results show that with the same SNR, the key generation rate based on stochastic perturbation is faster, and the correlation between the sub-keys is lower. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) randomness test shows that keys generated based on stochastic perturbation have better randomness.

IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC)•Dec 10, 2021•3 citations

A New Low-BMR Quantization Method for Wireless Channel Characteristics-based Secret Key Generation

Qiuhua Wang, Qiuyun Lyu, Xiaojun Wang +1 more

Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method.The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed.In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed.In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them.We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme.The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.

KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems•Oct 31, 2017•1 citation
The wireless key generation using wireless channel reciprocity has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades. However, there are many challenges for the key generation in quasistatic wireless environments. The key generation rate (KGR) in a quasistatic environment is low, and the randomness of the key is insufficient, which is difficult to meet the secure communication requirements. To tackle these issues, a random permutation and perturbation-based wireless key generation (RPP-WKG) scheme is proposed to improve the KGR and randomness in quasistatic environments. Unlike existing key generation schemes, the RPP-WKG scheme allows the two legitimate users to generate the same secret key based on their random permuted channel measurements. Besides, the perturbed key sequence will be obtained by combining the initial key generated after quantization and the permutation order sequence through the XOR operation. Simulation results show that the proposed RPP-WKG scheme can generate secret keys with a high generation rate, sufficient randomness, a low mismatch rate, and a low correlation coefficient in quasistatic environments.
The physical layer key generation technique provides an efficient method, which utilizes the natural dynamics of wireless channel. However, there are some extremely challenging security scenarios such as static or quasi-static environment, which lead to the low randomness of generated keys. Meanwhile, the coefficients of the static channel may be dropped into the guard space and discarded by the quantization approach, which causes low key generation rate. To tackle these issues, we propose a random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation scheme (RCMP-WKG), where new random resources with remarkable fluctuations can be obtained by applying random coefficient and by moving product on the legitimate nodes. Furthermore, appropriate quantization approaches are used to increase the key generation rate. Moreover, the security of our proposed scheme is evaluated by analyzing different attacks and the eavesdropper's mean square error (MSE). The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can achieve better performances in key capacity, key inconsistency rate (KIR) and key generation rate (KGR) compared with the prior works in static environment. Besides, the proposed scheme can deteriorate the MSE performance of the eavesdropper and improve the key generation performance of legitimate nodes by controlling the length of the moving product.
Secret key generation based on channel characteristics is an effective physical-layer security method for 5G wireless networks. The issues of how to ensure the high key generation rate and correlation of the secret key under active attack are needed to be addressed. In this paper, a new practical secret key generation scheme with high rate and correlation is proposed. In our proposed scheme, Alice and Bob transmit independent random sequences instead of known training sequences or probing signals; neither Alice nor Bob can decode these random sequences or estimate the channel. User's random sequences together with the channel effects are used as common random source to generate the secret key. With this solution, legitimate users are able to share secret keys with sufficient length and high security under active attack. We evaluate the proposed scheme through both analytic and simulation studies. The results show that our proposed scheme achieves high key generation rate and key security, and is suitable for 5G wireless networks with resource-constrained devices.
The physical layer secret key generation exploiting wireless channel reciprocity has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades. On-going research have demonstrated its viability in various radio frequency (RF) systems. Most of existing work rely on quantization technique to convert channel measurements into digital binaries that are suitable for secret key generation. However, non-simultaneous packet exchanges in time division duplex systems and noise effects in practice usually create random channel measurements between two users, leading to inconsistent quantization results and mismatched secret bits. While significant efforts were spent in recent research to mitigate such non-reciprocity, no efficient method has been found yet. Unlike existing quantization-based approaches, we take a different viewpoint and perform the secret key agreement by solving a bipartite graph matching problem. Specifically, an efficient dual-permutation secret key generation method, DP-SKG, is developed to match the randomly permuted channel measurements between a pair of users by minimizing their discrepancy holistically. DP-SKG allows two users to generate the same secret key based on the permutation order of channel measurements despite the non-reciprocity over wireless channels. Extensive experimental results show that DP-SKG could achieve error-free key agreement on received signal strength (RSS) with a low cost under various scenarios.
The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.
A secret key generation scheme based on stochastic perturbation is proposed to improve the generated secret key rate for quasi-static channels in Internet of Things (IoT). First, the two legitimate nodes send training sequences to estimate the channel information and the initial key is obtained by quantization. Second, each sub-key in the initial key is classified, which the classification label is the column value in the stochastic perturbation matrix. Finally, each sub-key is combined with the corresponding stochastic perturbation sequence through XOR operation to obtain the perturbed key estimation sequence. The simulation results show that with the same SNR, the key generation rate based on stochastic perturbation is faster, and the correlation between the sub-keys is lower. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) randomness test shows that keys generated based on stochastic perturbation have better randomness.
Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method.The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed.In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed.In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them.We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme.The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.