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KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems

A New Low-BMR Quantization Method for Wireless Channel Characteristics-based Secret Key Generation

Qiuhua Wang, Qiuyun Lyu, Xiaojun Wang, Jianrong Bao

Published Oct 31, 2017• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method.The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed.In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed.In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them.We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme.The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.

DOI
10.3837/tiis.2017.10.021

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Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method.The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed.In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed.In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them.We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme.The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.
Secret key generation based on channel characteristics is an effective physical-layer security method for 5G wireless networks. The issues of how to ensure the high key generation rate and correlation of the secret key under active attack are needed to be addressed. In this paper, a new practical secret key generation scheme with high rate and correlation is proposed. In our proposed scheme, Alice and Bob transmit independent random sequences instead of known training sequences or probing signals; neither Alice nor Bob can decode these random sequences or estimate the channel. User's random sequences together with the channel effects are used as common random source to generate the secret key. With this solution, legitimate users are able to share secret keys with sufficient length and high security under active attack. We evaluate the proposed scheme through both analytic and simulation studies. The results show that our proposed scheme achieves high key generation rate and key security, and is suitable for 5G wireless networks with resource-constrained devices.
As a new way to enhance wireless communication security, secret key generation based on physical layer channel characteristics has emerged. In this paper, we propose a novel secret key generation algorithm based on wireless channel characteristics for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. The mean quantization algorithm is applied to quantize the real part and imaginary part of OFDM subcarriers, respectively, which can significantly increase the length of the generated secret key in the OFDM system. To reduce the consistency between the secret keys generated by the eavesdropper and the legitimate communication nodes, a processing method by taking the subcarrier phase as initialization of a scrambling code and scrambling the quantized result is proposed. The simulation and test results show that compared with the existing research, the proposed algorithm can improve the key generation rate (KGR), reduce the key mismatch rate (KMR) and complexity, maintain high randomness, and disturb the eavesdroppers.
Due to non-ideal conditions in the measurements of the channel, high initial bit mismatch rate in the secret key generation is resulted, which reduces the final secret key generation rate and even causes the secret key generation process to fail. Aiming at this problem, a pre-process method that makes the initial bit mismatch rate come down quickly is proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the new pre-process method has excellent ability of reducing the initial b it mismatch rate, especially in the case of very high initial bit mismatch rate. The data remaining rate is improved by more than thirty-seven times when the initial bit mismatch rate is 0.3.
The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.
Wireless networks get subjected to the different attacks because of it's open nature. Eavesdropping attack, which occurs at the Physical layer of the OSI model, has a great impact on wireless network security. Conventional security in wireless networks depends on the cryptographic techniques. But in wireless sensor networks where a key management infrastructure may not be present and the power resources are also limited, generating a cryptographic key between two mobile entities becomes difficult. Hence Physical layer Security (PLS) has become a novel research solution. In PLS based key generation, a symmetric secret key is obtained at both the ends of the legitimate users using the properties of wireless channel. The key generation process includes four major blocks namely channel measurement, quantization of input samples, error detection and correction and privacy amplification. The output of quantizer has a great effect on the bit mismatch rate (BMR) between the two legitimate users. It also has an impact on key generation rate (KGR). Hence selecting a proper quantizer becomes very essential. In this paper different Quantization schemes are analyzed to achieve effective PLS between the two legitimate users.
Abstract Wireless communications between two devices can be protected by secret keys. However, existing key generation schemes suffer from the high bit disagreement rate and low bit generation rate. In this paper, we propose an efficient physical layer key generation scheme by exploring the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of signals. In order to reduce the high mismatch rate of the measurements and to increase the key generation rate, a pair of transmitter and receiver separately apply adaptive quantization algorithm for quantifying the measurements. Then, we implement a randomness extractor to further increase key generation rate and ensure randomness of generated of keys. Several real-world experiments are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The results show that compared with the other related schemes, our scheme performs better in bit generation rate, bit disagreement rate, and randomness.