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International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS)

Performance Improvement of Secret Key Generation Scheme in Wireless Indoor Environment

Mike Yuliana, Wirawan, Suwadi

Published Apr 17, 2022• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.

DOI
10.17762/ijcnis.v9i3.2890

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The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.
The necessity for secured communication devices that has limited computing power has encouraged the development of key generation scheme. The generation of a symmetric key scheme that utilizes randomness of wireless channels offers a most promising solution as a result of the easy distribution of secret key mechanisms. In the last few years, various schemes have been proposed, but there are trade-offs between the performance parameters used. The expected parameters are the low Key Disagreement Rate (KDR), the high Key Generation Rate (KGR), and the fulfillment of standard of randomness. In this paper, we propose the use of a combination of pre-processing methods with multilevel lossy quantization to overcome the trade-off of performance parameters of the Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme. Pre-process method used to improve reciprocity so as to reduce KDR, whereas multilevel quantization is used to improve the KGR. We use Kalman as the pre-processing method and Adaptive Quantization, Modified Multi-Bit (MMB), and 2-ary Quantization as the multilevel lossy quantization. Testing is conducted by comparing the performance between direct quantization with the addition of the pre-processing method in various multilevel lossy quantization schemes. The test results show that the use of Kalman as pre-processing methods and multilevel lossy quantization can overcome the trade-off performance parameters by reducing KDR and increasing KGR, with the best performance, was obtained when we use adaptive quantization. The resulting secret key has also fulfilled 6 random tests with p values greater than 0.01.
Channel reciprocity is a very crucial component in establishing a secret key generation scheme. Non-simultaneous measurement conditions and noise cause low channel reciprocity, which is indicated by measurements of channel parameters that are not perfectly identical in both users. The stages of the secret key generation scheme that directly quantifies the channel parameters will have an impact on the high difference in the bits produced. In this paper, we propose the use of Modified Polynomial Regression methods to enhance channel reciprocity that would lower the rate of key disagreement between two users. We also propose a combination of the Modified Polynomial Regression method with multilevel quantization to overcome the trade-off between performance parameters, i.e. the key disagreement rate and key generation rate. The test results conducted in an indoor wireless environment show that our proposed scheme has better performance compared to the existing scheme in terms of increasing reciprocity, key generation rate and decreasing key disagreement rate. The resulting secret key has also fulfilled the randomness requirements set by the National Institutes of Standards and Technology statistical suite.
Shared key generation between two users to exploit the randomness of wireless channels as a source of secret key bits extraction has become an attractive alternative to ensure security in a mobile environment. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of key extraction scheme using measurement results of Received Signal Strength (RSS) on several variations of settings and types of movement. We add the moving average method before the quantization process so our scheme becomes more adaptive to the low variation of RSS, and the use of modified Level Crossing Algorithm to reduce Key Disagreement Rate (KDR) due to half-duplex mode, device limitation, and different types of devices. The results show that our proposed schemes, compared with the existing scheme produce bit stream with the highest entropy, a significant decrease of KDR and passed randomness test from NIST statistical suite.
In symmetric cryptography systems have problems in the distribution of secret keys. The two users who will communicate require sharing keys through the public channel. The proposed solution to overcome these problems is to utilize information from the physical layer (e.g. RSS). Received Signal Strength (RSS) is an indicator for measuring the power received by wireless devices. The advantage of secret key extraction using physical layer information from a wireless channel is that it allows both devices within the transmission range to extract the secret key together. In this paper, we propose a secret key generation scheme adopted from an existing scheme with modifications to improve performance. Our proposed system is applied to static and dynamic conditions to test performance. The proposed algorithm is able to obtain a reduction in KDR (Key Disagreement Rate) up to 48.42% and an increase in the KGR (Key Generation Rate) up to 23.35% when compared to the existing scheme. Our proposed system also successfully passed the randomness using the NIST test with the approximate value of entropy generated 0.80 in static conditions and 0.81 in dynamic conditions.
Physical layer security (PLS) techniques hold promise for augmenting secure communications in the 5thgeneration of mobile wireless networks. Secret key generation (SKG) is a PLS technique which exploits the wireless propagation channel's randomness to generate symmetric key bits for information encryption and decryption. This work proposes symmetric key generation based on non-uniform quantization of the received signal strength (RSS) samples of a Nakagami-mmm fading channel. The proposed strategy for non-uniform quantization for SKG aims to set quantization thresholds for maximal key randomness and high values of key generation rate (KGR) and key agreement probability (KAP). Finally, a framework is proposed to use single node RSS measurements, readily available in the literature, to generate RSS samples at the other link end. This framework facilitates the testing of new SKG algorithms that require simultaneous RSS measurements by the legitimate nodes, which are not readily available in the open literature. The effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme is validated through Monte Carlo methods and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite for assessing the randomness of the generated key sequence.
Received signal strength as one of the physical layer characteristics has been proven to be extracted as a secret key to secure communications carried out by two legitimate parties. Some of the previous secret key generation systems had low key generation speed and were indicated by the key generation value parameter and high bit difference indicated by the key disagreement value parameter. This paper proposes a system that can improve the similarity of RSS between legitimate parties by adding the Kalman Filter pre-process method. The increase in the similarity of received signal strength will be followed by a decrease in the difference in bits obtained so that it will reduce the number of bits wasted in the error-correcting component and will automatically increase the key generation value. The performance evaluation of the built system will be tested in an indoor environment with several scenarios and conditions. There are 2 scenarios used, namely the scenario in the classroom and laboratory and each of them has 2 conditions, namely static and dynamic. The test results show that the best performance is obtained when the Cl scenario and static condition with the key disagreement value of 0.41 and key generation value of 6.48 bps. The proposed system also shows better performance in terms of key disagreement value and key generation value compared to the previous system.