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China Communications

Random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation

Xinjin Lu, Jing Lei, Wei Li

Published Feb 1, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The physical layer key generation technique provides an efficient method, which utilizes the natural dynamics of wireless channel. However, there are some extremely challenging security scenarios such as static or quasi-static environment, which lead to the low randomness of generated keys. Meanwhile, the coefficients of the static channel may be dropped into the guard space and discarded by the quantization approach, which causes low key generation rate. To tackle these issues, we propose a random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation scheme (RCMP-WKG), where new random resources with remarkable fluctuations can be obtained by applying random coefficient and by moving product on the legitimate nodes. Furthermore, appropriate quantization approaches are used to increase the key generation rate. Moreover, the security of our proposed scheme is evaluated by analyzing different attacks and the eavesdropper's mean square error (MSE). The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can achieve better performances in key capacity, key inconsistency rate (KIR) and key generation rate (KGR) compared with the prior works in static environment. Besides, the proposed scheme can deteriorate the MSE performance of the eavesdropper and improve the key generation performance of legitimate nodes by controlling the length of the moving product.

DOI
10.23919/jcc.ja.2022-0414

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The physical layer key generation technique provides an efficient method, which utilizes the natural dynamics of wireless channel. However, there are some extremely challenging security scenarios such as static or quasi-static environment, which lead to the low randomness of generated keys. Meanwhile, the coefficients of the static channel may be dropped into the guard space and discarded by the quantization approach, which causes low key generation rate. To tackle these issues, we propose a random coefficient-moving product based wireless key generation scheme (RCMP-WKG), where new random resources with remarkable fluctuations can be obtained by applying random coefficient and by moving product on the legitimate nodes. Furthermore, appropriate quantization approaches are used to increase the key generation rate. Moreover, the security of our proposed scheme is evaluated by analyzing different attacks and the eavesdropper's mean square error (MSE). The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can achieve better performances in key capacity, key inconsistency rate (KIR) and key generation rate (KGR) compared with the prior works in static environment. Besides, the proposed scheme can deteriorate the MSE performance of the eavesdropper and improve the key generation performance of legitimate nodes by controlling the length of the moving product.
The wireless key generation using wireless channel reciprocity has attracted considerable attention in the past two decades. However, there are many challenges for the key generation in quasistatic wireless environments. The key generation rate (KGR) in a quasistatic environment is low, and the randomness of the key is insufficient, which is difficult to meet the secure communication requirements. To tackle these issues, a random permutation and perturbation-based wireless key generation (RPP-WKG) scheme is proposed to improve the KGR and randomness in quasistatic environments. Unlike existing key generation schemes, the RPP-WKG scheme allows the two legitimate users to generate the same secret key based on their random permuted channel measurements. Besides, the perturbed key sequence will be obtained by combining the initial key generated after quantization and the permutation order sequence through the XOR operation. Simulation results show that the proposed RPP-WKG scheme can generate secret keys with a high generation rate, sufficient randomness, a low mismatch rate, and a low correlation coefficient in quasistatic environments.
The rapid technological advancements in wireless networks have resulted in tremendous increase in the number of connected user and machine-type wireless devices. Physical Layer Security (PLS) has a strong potential for providing security to wireless links in massively connected future wireless networks. The key-based PLS methods aim at generating secret key bits for data encryption/decryption at the legitimate communication nodes by exploiting the randomness inherent in wireless channels. This work proposes a novel secret key-bits extraction algorithm named Moving-Window Wrapped-Envelope Secret Key Generation (MWWE-SKG). The proposed algorithm uses first-order statistics from a sliding temporal window of channel samples to select the channel quantization interval for each window from circularly wrapped channel envelope samples. The differences in hardware noise conditions at the legitimate nodes lead to differences in the measurement of ideally reciprocal channels, which further leads to a mismatch in the generated secret key bits, whereas the channel statistics of the same links are more likely to remain unchanged for a reasonably large length of time window over the channel samples. An extensive analysis on the performance of the proposed algorithm is conducted, where the proposed algorithm is observed to provide a promising trade-off between the critical SKG performance metrics namely the Key Generation Rate (KGR), Bit Mismatch Probability (BMP), and the Key Randomness Property (KRP). Furthermore, a comparative performance analysis of the proposed algorithm with other notable techniques is also conducted to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
Wireless physical layer key generation is a remarkable technology for physical layer security. The security of key generation is not guaranteed in existing wireless physical layer key generation schemes if the eavesdropper is less than half a wavelength away from the legitimate node, which called non-secure zones problem. To address this problem, this paper proposes a Wireless physical layer key generation scheme based on unscheduled forwarding signal (WKG-UFS). Specifically, the legitimate communication nodes send random signals to each other within a coherent time. Then, the received signals are forwarded back within the coherent time after a random time interval. The legitimate nodes estimate the equivalent channel based on the final received signal and generate the secure key. Since eavesdropper does not know the original signals sent by the legitimate communication nodes, the channel feature cannot be effectively estimated. The results of theoretical analysis and experimental simulation show that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the threat of eavesdropping on secure communication. Besides, since the time intervals for receiving and forwarding signals are variable, it can also effectively resist active attacks which by manipulating the channel.
Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks generally contain resource-constrained devices that require an energy-efficient key generation procedure to producing secure keys at a faster rate. The physical characteristics of the wireless channel can be exploited to secure communication within IoT networks. In particular, secret keys can be generated by leveraging on the randomness of the wireless physical channel between two communicating parties. The conventional mechanism of generating keys at the physical layer, i.e., using channel probing, quantization, information reconciliation, and privacy amplification, may not be preferable for IoT devices. In addition, in some cases IoT devices may be deployed in static environments, wherein the channel coherence time is too high to generate keys at a faster rate and with the desired randomness. This study proposes a mapping table-based key distribution scheme for IoT environments, wherein multiple characteristics of the random channel are combined to improve not only the key generation rate (KGR) but also the key agreement rate (KAR) and bit error rate (BER). In the proposed scheme, both the channel magnitude and the phase are exploited in the key generation process. The proposed scheme is immune to channel estimation errors while providing sufficient randomness in the static environment. Additionally, the scheme is thoroughly investigated for different scenarios including the case of a smarter eavesdropper, which attempts to estimate the channel between the legitimate nodes. This case verifies the robustness of the proposed scheme in different settings and attack models.
Channel characteristics-based secret key generation is an effective physical-layer security method.The issues of how to remove the effect of random noise and to balance the key generation rate (KGR) and the bit mismatch rate (BMR) are needed to be addressed.In this paper, to reduce the effect of random noise and extract more secret bits, a new quantization scheme with high key generation rate and low bit mismatch rate is proposed.In our proposed scheme, we try to use all measurements and correct the differences caused by noise at the boundary regions instead of simply dropping them.We evaluate and discuss the improvements of our proposed scheme.The results show that our proposed scheme achieves lower bit mismatch rate as well as remaining high key generation rate.
As a new way to enhance wireless communication security, secret key generation based on physical layer channel characteristics has emerged. In this paper, we propose a novel secret key generation algorithm based on wireless channel characteristics for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. The mean quantization algorithm is applied to quantize the real part and imaginary part of OFDM subcarriers, respectively, which can significantly increase the length of the generated secret key in the OFDM system. To reduce the consistency between the secret keys generated by the eavesdropper and the legitimate communication nodes, a processing method by taking the subcarrier phase as initialization of a scrambling code and scrambling the quantized result is proposed. The simulation and test results show that compared with the existing research, the proposed algorithm can improve the key generation rate (KGR), reduce the key mismatch rate (KMR) and complexity, maintain high randomness, and disturb the eavesdroppers.