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Measurement

In Situ Calibration of Coils Constant in a Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) Co-magnetometer

Qian Cao, Ying Liu, Junjian Tang, Tian Zhao, Xing Heng, Yueyang Zhai

Published Mar 30, 2023• 10 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112812

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Zero-field optically pumped magnetometers operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime have been extensively studied, and usually depend on zeroth-order parametric resonance to measure the magnetic field. However, the studies conducted on this topic lack thorough analyses and in-depth discussion of nonzero-order magnetic resonances in single-beam SERF magnetometers. In this paper, we analyzed the nonzero-order resonance, especially the first-order resonance, based on a single-beam SERF magnetometer, and discussed its various applications. A comprehensive theoretical analysis and experiments were conducted with respect to multiple functions, including nonzero finite magnetic field measurements, spin polarization measurement, and in situ coil constant calibration. The results showed that first-order resonance can be utilized for nonzerofinite magnetic field measurements, and the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms can be determined by measuring the slowing-down factor using the resonance condition. Furthermore, acquiring the first-order resonance point at an equivalent zero pump light power through fitting offers an approach for quick and precise in situ coil constant calibration. This study contributes to the applications of SERF magnetometers in nonzero finite magnetic fields.

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The calibration results of the triaxial coils affect the atomic magnetometer’s measurement sensitivity. For precise in situ calibration, we first studied the transient atomic dynamics of a dual-beam spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) atomic magnetometer under alternating magnetic fields. We obtained the corresponding dynamic free-induction-decay (FID) curves by alternately applying square wave signals to the${x}$-,${y}$-, and${z}$-axis coil, and then extracted the precession frequencies by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to achieve a decoupled calibration of the triaxial coil constants. Our calibration results were in better agreement under different experimental conditions than traditional parameter fitting methods with a relative error of less than 1.5% compared to conventional fluxgate calibration methods. Furthermore, we simultaneously measured nonorthogonal angles between each pair of axes: x–y, y–z, and z–x, respectively, which are used to correct the magnetic fields error. This method is suitable for coil calibration and nonorthogonal correction of integrated and miniaturized dual beam magnetometers.

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Transient dynamics of atomic spin in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free regime

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In this paper, we experimentally study transient dynamics of spin polarized atoms in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) regime with a single-beam configuration. We pumped atoms with a weak detuning pumping beam, along with a sequence of magnetic field pulses orthogonal to the pumping beam were applied. The dynamics of atomic spin, which experiences Larmor precession under the perturbation of magnetic field, is detected by the transmitted pumping beam. Benefited from the long coherence time of atomic spin in the SERF regime, the dependence of precession frequency and decay rate, which is equal to the magnetic resonance linewidth of atomic spin, on magnetic fields is studied with the transient dynamics of atomic spin in the limit of low spin polarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that coil constants can be calibrated by analyzing the precession frequency of the transient dynamics of atomic spin. And the experimental results show that the coil constants are 114.25 ± 0.02 nT/mA and 114.12 ± 0.04 nT/mA in x- and y-axis, respectively. This method is particularly applicable to study the atomic spin dynamics and calibrate the coil constant in situ of a miniature single-beam SERF magnetometer.

Optics Express•Feb 17, 2021•24 citations
Zero-field optically pumped magnetometers operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime have been extensively studied, and usually depend on zeroth-order parametric resonance to measure the magnetic field. However, the studies conducted on this topic lack thorough analyses and in-depth discussion of nonzero-order magnetic resonances in single-beam SERF magnetometers. In this paper, we analyzed the nonzero-order resonance, especially the first-order resonance, based on a single-beam SERF magnetometer, and discussed its various applications. A comprehensive theoretical analysis and experiments were conducted with respect to multiple functions, including nonzero finite magnetic field measurements, spin polarization measurement, and in situ coil constant calibration. The results showed that first-order resonance can be utilized for nonzerofinite magnetic field measurements, and the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms can be determined by measuring the slowing-down factor using the resonance condition. Furthermore, acquiring the first-order resonance point at an equivalent zero pump light power through fitting offers an approach for quick and precise in situ coil constant calibration. This study contributes to the applications of SERF magnetometers in nonzero finite magnetic fields.
The calibration results of the triaxial coils affect the atomic magnetometer’s measurement sensitivity. For precise in situ calibration, we first studied the transient atomic dynamics of a dual-beam spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) atomic magnetometer under alternating magnetic fields. We obtained the corresponding dynamic free-induction-decay (FID) curves by alternately applying square wave signals to thex{x}x-,y{y}y-, andz{z}z-axis coil, and then extracted the precession frequencies by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to achieve a decoupled calibration of the triaxial coil constants. Our calibration results were in better agreement under different experimental conditions than traditional parameter fitting methods with a relative error of less than 1.5% compared to conventional fluxgate calibration methods. Furthermore, we simultaneously measured nonorthogonal angles between each pair of axes: x–y, y–z, and z–x, respectively, which are used to correct the magnetic fields error. This method is suitable for coil calibration and nonorthogonal correction of integrated and miniaturized dual beam magnetometers.
In this paper, we experimentally study transient dynamics of spin polarized atoms in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) regime with a single-beam configuration. We pumped atoms with a weak detuning pumping beam, along with a sequence of magnetic field pulses orthogonal to the pumping beam were applied. The dynamics of atomic spin, which experiences Larmor precession under the perturbation of magnetic field, is detected by the transmitted pumping beam. Benefited from the long coherence time of atomic spin in the SERF regime, the dependence of precession frequency and decay rate, which is equal to the magnetic resonance linewidth of atomic spin, on magnetic fields is studied with the transient dynamics of atomic spin in the limit of low spin polarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that coil constants can be calibrated by analyzing the precession frequency of the transient dynamics of atomic spin. And the experimental results show that the coil constants are 114.25 ± 0.02 nT/mA and 114.12 ± 0.04 nT/mA in x- and y-axis, respectively. This method is particularly applicable to study the atomic spin dynamics and calibrate the coil constant in situ of a miniature single-beam SERF magnetometer.