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Chinese Optics Letters

Simultaneous temperature and magnetic field measurements using time-division multiplexing

Hao-Bin Lin, Ce Feng, Yang Dong, Wang Jiang, Xuedong Gao, Shao-Chun Zhang, Xiang-Dong Chen, Fang‐Wen Sun

Published Sep 20, 2022• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy color centers can perform highly sensitive and spatially resolved quantum measurements of physical quantities such as magnetic field, temperature, and pressure.Meanwhile, sensing so many variables at the same time often introduces additional noise, causing a reduced accuracy.Here, a dual-microwave time-division multiplexing protocol is used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier in order to decouple temperature from the magnetic field and vice versa.In this protocol, dual-frequency driving and frequency modulation are used to measure the magnetic and temperature field simultaneously in real time.The sensitivity of our system is about 3.4 nT= Hz p and 1.3 mK= Hz p , respectively.Our detection protocol not only enables multifunctional quantum sensing, but also extends more practical applications.

DOI
10.3788/col202321.011201

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•Mar 19, 2025•0 citations
Nitrogen-vacancy color centers can perform highly sensitive and spatially resolved quantum measurements of physical quantities such as magnetic field, temperature, and pressure.Meanwhile, sensing so many variables at the same time often introduces additional noise, causing a reduced accuracy.Here, a dual-microwave time-division multiplexing protocol is used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier in order to decouple temperature from the magnetic field and vice versa.In this protocol, dual-frequency driving and frequency modulation are used to measure the magnetic and temperature field simultaneously in real time.The sensitivity of our system is about 3.4 nT= Hz p and 1.3 mK= Hz p , respectively.Our detection protocol not only enables multifunctional quantum sensing, but also extends more practical applications.
The nitrogen-vacancy (N\mathrm{N}N-VVV) defect in diamond is a versatile quantum sensor, being able to measure physical quantities such as magnetic field, electric field, temperature, and pressure. In the present work, we demonstrate multiplexed sensing of magnetic field and temperature using a N-V ensemble in diamond. The dual-frequency-driving technique we employ is based on frequency-division multiplexing, which enables the sensing of both measurables in real time. The pair of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV resonance frequencies for dual-frequency driving must be selected to avoid coherent population trapping of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV spin states. With enhanced optical collection efficiency higher than 50% and a type 1b diamond crystal with a natural abundance of 13C{}^{13}\mathrm{C}13C spins, we achieve sensitivities of about 70pT/Hz70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}70pT/Hz​ and $25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ simultaneously. We demonstrate a high isolation factor of 34 dB in the N\mathrm{N}N-VVV thermometry signal against the magnetic field; and we provide a theoretical description for the isolation factor. This work paves the way for extending the application of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV diamond sensors into more demanding conditions.
We demonstrate a technique for precision sensing of the temperature or the magnetic field by simultaneously driving two hyperfine transitions involving distinct electronic states of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Frequency modulation of both driving fields is used with either the same or opposite phase, resulting in the immunity to fluctuations in either the magnetic field or the temperature, respectively. In this way, a sensitivity of 1.4 nT Hz−1∕2 or 430 μK Hz−1∕2 is demonstrated. The presented technique only requires a single frequency demodulator and enables the use of phase-sensitive camera imaging sensors. A simple extension of the method utilizing two demodulators allows for simultaneous, independent, and high-bandwidth monitoring of both the magnetic field and the temperature.
Modern sensing applications increasingly require the simultaneous measurement of multiple physical parameters with high sensitivity. However, traditional sensors often suffer from cross-sensitivity to different variables, making it difficult to separate overlapping effects, such as those caused by temperature and magnetic fields, in complex environments. This challenge highlights the need for robust multiparametric sensors capable of independently and accurately monitoring diverse conditions in real time. In this context, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond present a promising solution. These atomic-scale defects can be optically initialized, manipulated, and read out via laser excitation using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and they can operate under ambient and harsh conditions. In this work, we demonstrate a simultaneous and internally cross-validated sensing platform capable of detecting both magnetic fields and temperature with a sensitivity of around 500 nT/Hz and 10 mK/Hz, respectively. Our method integrates ODMR, zero-phonon line spectral shifts, and linewidth broadening, each providing independent spectral signatures sensitive to distinct physical effects. This approach enhances measurement precision, enables internal consistency checks, and decouples intertwined phenomena such as temperature-induced variations in magnetization. The demonstrated technique significantly expands the functional capabilities of NV-based sensors, advancing their potential for high-precision metrology in complex environments.
This study introduces a novel method for the simultaneous detection of microwave sensor power and temperature, leveraging nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers as a robust quantum system. Through precise measurement of the optical detection magnetic resonance contrast in NV centers, the microwave power is accurately determined. Furthermore, the temperature of the sensor is obtained by monitoring the variations in zero-field splitting and thorough spectral analysis. This method enables the efficient real-time acquisition of synchronized data on both microwave power and temperature from the sensor, facilitating concurrent monitoring without the necessity of additional sensing devices. Finally, we verified that the magnetic sensitivity of the system is approximately 1.2 nT/Hz1/2, and the temperature sensitivity is around 0.38 mK/Hz1/2. The minimum resolution of microwave power is about 20 nW. The experimental results demonstrate that this quantum measurement technique provides stable and accurate data across a wide range of microwave power and temperature conditions. These findings indicate substantial potential for this technique in advanced applications such as aerospace, medical diagnostics, and high-frequency communications. Future studies will aim to extend the industrial applicability of this method by refining quantum control techniques within NV center systems.
Energy conservation and battery life extension are key challenges for the next-generation hybrid electric vehicles. In particular, the temperature and electric currents in a storage battery need to be monitored simultaneously with ∼1 kHz signal bandwidth for optimum battery usage. Here we introduce a centimeter-scale portable quantum sensor head, consisting of a diamond substrate hosting an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers with a density of ∼3 × 1017 cm−3. One diamond surface is attached to a multi-mode fiber for simultaneous optical excitation and readout of the NV centers, while the other diamond surface is attached to a coplanar microwave guide for NV spin ground-state mixing. Signal bandwidth of 1 kHz was realized through time-domain multiplexing of the two-tone microwave frequency modulation at 20 kHz. Two microwave frequencies were locked to the two resonance points that were determined from the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum. From the mean and the difference of the deviation from the two locked frequencies, the temperature and magnetic field were obtained simultaneously and independently, with sensitivities of 3.5 nT/Hz1/2 and 1.3 mK/Hz1/2, respectively. We also showed that our sensor reached a minimum detectable magnetic field of 5 pT by accumulating signals for over 10 000 s.
Diamond quantum sensors utilizing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond can measure a tiny magnetic-field variation at room temperature with a high linearity and high spatial resolution. Because of these advantages, they have been actively studied for application to measure a biomagnetic field. In biomagnetic sensing applications, it is effective to measure at multiple points simultaneously with high sensitivity. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive diamond quantum sensor that can simultaneously measure the magnetic field at two points at the millimeter interval. We used two diamonds that were split from one HPHT-grown diamond and placed them at the 3-mm interval. A laser-induced fluorescence from the two diamonds were detected by a single photodiode. We applied different bias magnetic fields to each diamond, and thus the magnetic resonances at these diamonds had different resonance frequencies. By applying microwave fields whose frequencies were modulated at different modulation frequencies, the magnetic fields at the two diamonds can be obtained independently after demodulation. The noise spectral densities in the magnetic field measurement at the two diamonds’ locations. Since the measurement was performed outside a magnetic shield, a severe low-frequency environmental noise from railways and power line (50 Hz) noise peaks were observed. We evaluated the field sensitivities at the two diamonds to be 22 pT/√Hz in 25-300 Hz range with neglecting the power-line noise peaks and the environment noise peaks. The capability of simultaneously measuring a magnetic field at two points with the such high sensitivities will facilitate the biomagnetic sensing applications.