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arXiv:2104.12211 · Physical Review Applied

Multiplexed Sensing of Magnetic Field and Temperature in Real Time Using a Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensemble in Diamond

Jeong Hyun Shim, Seong-Joo Lee, Santosh Ghimire, Ju Il Hwang, Kwang-Geol Lee, Kiwoong Kim, Matthew J. Turner, Connor Hart, Ronald Lee Walsworth, Sangwon Oh

Published Jan 7, 2022• 60 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}$-$V$) defect in diamond is a versatile quantum sensor, being able to measure physical quantities such as magnetic field, electric field, temperature, and pressure. In the present work, we demonstrate multiplexed sensing of magnetic field and temperature using a N-V ensemble in diamond. The dual-frequency-driving technique we employ is based on frequency-division multiplexing, which enables the sensing of both measurables in real time. The pair of $\mathrm{N}$-$V$ resonance frequencies for dual-frequency driving must be selected to avoid coherent population trapping of $\mathrm{N}$-$V$ spin states. With enhanced optical collection efficiency higher than 50% and a type 1b diamond crystal with a natural abundance of ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$ spins, we achieve sensitivities of about $70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ and $25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ simultaneously. We demonstrate a high isolation factor of 34 dB in the $\mathrm{N}$-$V$ thermometry signal against the magnetic field; and we provide a theoretical description for the isolation factor. This work paves the way for extending the application of $\mathrm{N}$-$V$ diamond sensors into more demanding conditions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.17.014009

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The nitrogen-vacancy (N\mathrm{N}N-VVV) defect in diamond is a versatile quantum sensor, being able to measure physical quantities such as magnetic field, electric field, temperature, and pressure. In the present work, we demonstrate multiplexed sensing of magnetic field and temperature using a N-V ensemble in diamond. The dual-frequency-driving technique we employ is based on frequency-division multiplexing, which enables the sensing of both measurables in real time. The pair of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV resonance frequencies for dual-frequency driving must be selected to avoid coherent population trapping of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV spin states. With enhanced optical collection efficiency higher than 50% and a type 1b diamond crystal with a natural abundance of 13C{}^{13}\mathrm{C}13C spins, we achieve sensitivities of about 70pT/Hz70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}70pT/Hz​ and 25\ensuremathμK/Hz25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}25\ensuremathμK/Hz​ simultaneously. We demonstrate a high isolation factor of 34 dB in the N\mathrm{N}N-VVV thermometry signal against the magnetic field; and we provide a theoretical description for the isolation factor. This work paves the way for extending the application of N\mathrm{N}N-VVV diamond sensors into more demanding conditions.
Nitrogen-vacancy color centers can perform highly sensitive and spatially resolved quantum measurements of physical quantities such as magnetic field, temperature, and pressure.Meanwhile, sensing so many variables at the same time often introduces additional noise, causing a reduced accuracy.Here, a dual-microwave time-division multiplexing protocol is used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier in order to decouple temperature from the magnetic field and vice versa.In this protocol, dual-frequency driving and frequency modulation are used to measure the magnetic and temperature field simultaneously in real time.The sensitivity of our system is about 3.4 nT= Hz p and 1.3 mK= Hz p , respectively.Our detection protocol not only enables multifunctional quantum sensing, but also extends more practical applications.
Modern sensing applications increasingly require the simultaneous measurement of multiple physical parameters with high sensitivity. However, traditional sensors often suffer from cross-sensitivity to different variables, making it difficult to separate overlapping effects, such as those caused by temperature and magnetic fields, in complex environments. This challenge highlights the need for robust multiparametric sensors capable of independently and accurately monitoring diverse conditions in real time. In this context, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond present a promising solution. These atomic-scale defects can be optically initialized, manipulated, and read out via laser excitation using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and they can operate under ambient and harsh conditions. In this work, we demonstrate a simultaneous and internally cross-validated sensing platform capable of detecting both magnetic fields and temperature with a sensitivity of around 500 nT/Hz and 10 mK/Hz, respectively. Our method integrates ODMR, zero-phonon line spectral shifts, and linewidth broadening, each providing independent spectral signatures sensitive to distinct physical effects. This approach enhances measurement precision, enables internal consistency checks, and decouples intertwined phenomena such as temperature-induced variations in magnetization. The demonstrated technique significantly expands the functional capabilities of NV-based sensors, advancing their potential for high-precision metrology in complex environments.
Energy conservation and battery life extension are key challenges for the next-generation hybrid electric vehicles. In particular, the temperature and electric currents in a storage battery need to be monitored simultaneously with ∼1 kHz signal bandwidth for optimum battery usage. Here we introduce a centimeter-scale portable quantum sensor head, consisting of a diamond substrate hosting an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers with a density of ∼3 × 1017 cm−3. One diamond surface is attached to a multi-mode fiber for simultaneous optical excitation and readout of the NV centers, while the other diamond surface is attached to a coplanar microwave guide for NV spin ground-state mixing. Signal bandwidth of 1 kHz was realized through time-domain multiplexing of the two-tone microwave frequency modulation at 20 kHz. Two microwave frequencies were locked to the two resonance points that were determined from the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum. From the mean and the difference of the deviation from the two locked frequencies, the temperature and magnetic field were obtained simultaneously and independently, with sensitivities of 3.5 nT/Hz1/2 and 1.3 mK/Hz1/2, respectively. We also showed that our sensor reached a minimum detectable magnetic field of 5 pT by accumulating signals for over 10 000 s.
Nitrogen-vacancy (N\mathrm{N}N-V) centers in diamond are promising quantum sensors due to their ultralong coherence time under ambient conditions and multimodal sensing capability. N\mathrm{N}N-V centers are strongly coupled to magnetic fields, leading to unprecedented sensitivity in magnetic field sensing. However, the coupling strengths between N\mathrm{N}N-V centers and other crucial parameters, such as temperature and pressure, are not as strong as that of the magnetic field, resulting in a relative low sensitivity. A previous study showed that the temperature sensitivity of a diamond quantum sensor could be largely improved by magnetic criticality enhancement. Here, we propose and demonstrate a hybrid quantum thermometer composed of bulk diamond with ensemble N\mathrm{N}N-V centers and a gadolinium magnetic flux concentrator. In addition to the magnetic criticality enhancement of gadolinium, our scheme leverages the magnetic flux concentration and ensemble N\mathrm{N}N-V centers, achieving a temperature sensitivity of about 251.5nK/Hz\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}251.5\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{nK}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}251.5nK/Hz​. Near the critical point, the spin resonance to temperature $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\partial}}{f}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\partial}}T)$ reached 57.3MHz/K57.3\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{MHz}/\text{K}57.3MHz/K under an external magnetic field of 1.213 G, which is about 774 times enhanced compared with that of bare N\mathrm{N}N-V centers. The submicrokelvin temperature resolution of our hybrid thermometer can be used in the calibration of a reference point of temperature, integrated marine environmental surveys, laser-frequency stabilization, aerospace high-stability temperature-control systems, and many other practical applications on a macroscopic scale.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond are promising quantum systems for sensing applications due to their quantum coherence, optical addressability, and robust performance even at room temperature [1], [2]. These properties allow for the precise measurement of environmental parameters, such as magnetic fields [2], electric fields, strain, and temperature [1]–[4]. This work focuses on a portable multisensing platform based on NV centres, examining its performance across a temperature range of -20°C to 120°C [2]. Understanding the temperature dependence of the spectral features of NV centres is crucial not only to assess its capabilities for multisensing, but also for optimising the device for diverse operating conditions and for ensuring the precision and reliability of quantum measurements [3]. While many studies focus on low temperatures or individual NV centres, this work focuses on an ensemble of NV centres at relatively high temperatures, which is more suitable for portable sensors [1], [5]. This work is novel as it provides a comprehensive study of a portable NV -based multisensor's performance at relatively high temperatures, crucial for real-world applications [1].
We demonstrate a technique for precision sensing of the temperature or the magnetic field by simultaneously driving two hyperfine transitions involving distinct electronic states of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Frequency modulation of both driving fields is used with either the same or opposite phase, resulting in the immunity to fluctuations in either the magnetic field or the temperature, respectively. In this way, a sensitivity of 1.4 nT Hz−1∕2 or 430 μK Hz−1∕2 is demonstrated. The presented technique only requires a single frequency demodulator and enables the use of phase-sensitive camera imaging sensors. A simple extension of the method utilizing two demodulators allows for simultaneous, independent, and high-bandwidth monitoring of both the magnetic field and the temperature.