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arXiv:1802.07224 · Applied Physics Letters

Precision temperature sensing in the presence of magnetic field noise and vice-versa using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Adam M. Wojciechowski, Mürsel Karadas, Christian Osterkamp, Steffen Jankuhn, Jan Meijer, Fedor Jelezko, Alexander Huck, Ulrik L. Andersen

Published Jul 2, 2018• 59 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate a technique for precision sensing of the temperature or the magnetic field by simultaneously driving two hyperfine transitions involving distinct electronic states of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Frequency modulation of both driving fields is used with either the same or opposite phase, resulting in the immunity to fluctuations in either the magnetic field or the temperature, respectively. In this way, a sensitivity of 1.4 nT Hz−1∕2 or 430 μK Hz−1∕2 is demonstrated. The presented technique only requires a single frequency demodulator and enables the use of phase-sensitive camera imaging sensors. A simple extension of the method utilizing two demodulators allows for simultaneous, independent, and high-bandwidth monitoring of both the magnetic field and the temperature.

DOI
10.1063/1.5026678

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quant-pharXiv:2512.24273•Dec 31, 2025
We demonstrate a technique for precision sensing of the temperature or the magnetic field by simultaneously driving two hyperfine transitions involving distinct electronic states of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Frequency modulation of both driving fields is used with either the same or opposite phase, resulting in the immunity to fluctuations in either the magnetic field or the temperature, respectively. In this way, a sensitivity of 1.4 nT Hz−1∕2 or 430 μK Hz−1∕2 is demonstrated. The presented technique only requires a single frequency demodulator and enables the use of phase-sensitive camera imaging sensors. A simple extension of the method utilizing two demodulators allows for simultaneous, independent, and high-bandwidth monitoring of both the magnetic field and the temperature.
Modern sensing applications increasingly require the simultaneous measurement of multiple physical parameters with high sensitivity. However, traditional sensors often suffer from cross-sensitivity to different variables, making it difficult to separate overlapping effects, such as those caused by temperature and magnetic fields, in complex environments. This challenge highlights the need for robust multiparametric sensors capable of independently and accurately monitoring diverse conditions in real time. In this context, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond present a promising solution. These atomic-scale defects can be optically initialized, manipulated, and read out via laser excitation using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and they can operate under ambient and harsh conditions. In this work, we demonstrate a simultaneous and internally cross-validated sensing platform capable of detecting both magnetic fields and temperature with a sensitivity of around 500 nT/Hz and 10 mK/Hz, respectively. Our method integrates ODMR, zero-phonon line spectral shifts, and linewidth broadening, each providing independent spectral signatures sensitive to distinct physical effects. This approach enhances measurement precision, enables internal consistency checks, and decouples intertwined phenomena such as temperature-induced variations in magnetization. The demonstrated technique significantly expands the functional capabilities of NV-based sensors, advancing their potential for high-precision metrology in complex environments.
Nitrogen-vacancy color centers can perform highly sensitive and spatially resolved quantum measurements of physical quantities such as magnetic field, temperature, and pressure.Meanwhile, sensing so many variables at the same time often introduces additional noise, causing a reduced accuracy.Here, a dual-microwave time-division multiplexing protocol is used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier in order to decouple temperature from the magnetic field and vice versa.In this protocol, dual-frequency driving and frequency modulation are used to measure the magnetic and temperature field simultaneously in real time.The sensitivity of our system is about 3.4 nT= Hz p and 1.3 mK= Hz p , respectively.Our detection protocol not only enables multifunctional quantum sensing, but also extends more practical applications.
Diamond quantum sensors utilizing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond can measure a tiny magnetic-field variation at room temperature with a high linearity and high spatial resolution. Because of these advantages, they have been actively studied for application to measure a biomagnetic field. In biomagnetic sensing applications, it is effective to measure at multiple points simultaneously with high sensitivity. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive diamond quantum sensor that can simultaneously measure the magnetic field at two points at the millimeter interval. We used two diamonds that were split from one HPHT-grown diamond and placed them at the 3-mm interval. A laser-induced fluorescence from the two diamonds were detected by a single photodiode. We applied different bias magnetic fields to each diamond, and thus the magnetic resonances at these diamonds had different resonance frequencies. By applying microwave fields whose frequencies were modulated at different modulation frequencies, the magnetic fields at the two diamonds can be obtained independently after demodulation. The noise spectral densities in the magnetic field measurement at the two diamonds’ locations. Since the measurement was performed outside a magnetic shield, a severe low-frequency environmental noise from railways and power line (50 Hz) noise peaks were observed. We evaluated the field sensitivities at the two diamonds to be 22 pT/√Hz in 25-300 Hz range with neglecting the power-line noise peaks and the environment noise peaks. The capability of simultaneously measuring a magnetic field at two points with the such high sensitivities will facilitate the biomagnetic sensing applications.
Abstract Quantum sensing based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond has shown excellent properties. Combined with the imaging technique, it shows exciting practicability. Here, we demonstrate the simultaneously imaging technique of magnetic field and temperature using a wide-field quantum diamond microscope. We describe the operating principles of the diamond microscope and report its sensitivity (magnetic field ${\sim}1.8~\mu \mbox{T/Hz}^{1/2}$ ∼ 1.8 μ T/Hz 1 / 2 and temperature ${\sim}0.4~\mbox{K/Hz}^{1/2}$ ∼ 0.4 K/Hz 1 / 2 ), spatial resolution (1.3 μm), and field of view ( $400 \times 300~\mu \mbox{m}^{2}$ 400 × 300 μ m 2 ). Finally, we use the microscope to obtain images of an integrated cell heater and a PCB, demonstrating its ability in the application of magnetic field and temperature simultaneously imaging at wide-field.
We demonstrate an absolute magnetometer based on quantum beats in the ground state of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. We show that, by eliminating the dependence of spin evolution on the zero-field splitting D, the magnetometer is immune to temperature fluctuation and strain inhomogeneity. We apply this technique to measure low-frequency magnetic field noise by using a single nitrogen-vacancy center located within 500 nm of the surface of an isotopically pure (99.99% 12C) diamond. The photon-shot-noise limited sensitivity achieves 38 nT/sqrt[Hz] for 4.45 s acquisition time, a factor of sqrt[2] better than the implementation which uses only two spin levels. For long acquisition times (>10 s), we realize up to a factor of 15 improvement in magnetic sensitivity, which demonstrates the robustness of our technique against thermal drifts. Applying our technique to nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles, we eliminate dephasing from longitudinal strain inhomogeneity, resulting in a factor of 2.3 improvement in sensitivity.
In this work we present a compact and portable tabletop magnetometer that utilizes negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. The magnetometer is operated using a dual microwave resonance detection approach in combination with an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) technique (mitigating drifts in results due to changes of the diamond temperature), capable of simultaneously exciting and registering two ODMR transitions. The experimentally measured magnetic field noise-floor is ≈2.3 nTHz\approx 2.3~\textrm{nT}\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}≈2.3 nTHz​ while the calculated shot-noise-limited magnetic field sensitivity is ≈585 pTHz\approx 585~\textrm{pT}\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}≈585 pTHz​ when excited with a continuous wave laser at 0.5~W. These results pave the way for realizing a simple set-up magnetometer for precise single axis magnetic field measurements for example for accurate electric current measurements for stabilization purposes and magnetic communication applications.