Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Modern Physics Letters B

A quantum steganography scheme using quantum wavelet transforms

Chao Gao, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xin Li

Published Jun 17, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum steganography is a technology which can hide information effectively for achieving copyright protection. In this paper, a quantum steganography scheme using quantum wavelet transform and the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image is proposed, and this scheme can embed the secret text of size [Formula: see text] into a [Formula: see text] gray-scale carrier image. In the scrambling operation, the text is scrambled by the scrambling circuit including bit-reverse, quantum equal and CNOT gate to improve its security. Before embedding, the carrier image is first transformed by 1-level quantum Haar wavelet transform, and then its low-frequency part is divided into blocks. The simulation results suggest that the proposed scheme has good performance in visual quality and robustness. Finally, through the analysis of circuit complexity, the scheme has low complexity O(n).

DOI
10.1142/s0217984921506260

Related papers

A Novel Quantum Steganography Scheme Based on ASCII

Ri‐Gui Zhou, Jia Luo

Based on the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image (NEQR), a new blind quantum steganography scheme is proposed. In this scheme, an improved quantum representation of text utilizing ASCII is provided that uses two qubit sequences to store the same quantum text message. The general embedding process of the scheme is as follows: firstly, the cover image of sized \n\n\n2\nn\n\n√ó\n\n2\nn\n\n\n will be divided into eight blocks of sized \n\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n2\n\n\n√ó\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n1\n\n\n\n, and the secret quantum text of sized \n\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n2\n\n\n√ó\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n1\n\n\n\n is scrambled by Gray code transform method. Then, the disorder quantum text is embedded into the eight blocks of cover image employing the Gray code as a judgment condition. Meanwhile, the corresponding quantum circuits are drawn. Through the analysis of all quantum circuits, it can be concluded that the scheme has a lower complexity, that is, O(n). And the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzing in terms of simulation results of three items: visual quality, circuit complexity, and robustness.

IntechOpen eBooks•May 31, 2019•4 citations

A novel quantum steganography scheme based on ASCII

Jia Luo, Ri‐Gui Zhou, XingAo Liu +2 more

Based on the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image (NEQR), a new blind quantum steganography scheme is proposed. In this scheme, an improved quantum representation of text utilizing American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is provided that uses two qubit sequences to store the same quantum text message. The general embedding process of the scheme is as follows: First, the cover image of size [Formula: see text] will be divided into eight blocks of size [Formula: see text] and the secret quantum text of size [Formula: see text] is scrambled by Gray code transform method. Then, the disorder quantum text is embedded into the eight blocks of cover image employing the Gray code as a judgment condition. Meanwhile, the corresponding quantum circuits are drawn. Through the analysis of all quantum circuits, it can be concluded that the scheme has a lower complexity that is [Formula: see text]. And the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of simulation results of three items: visual quality, capacity and robustness.

International Journal of Quantum Information•Jun 1, 2019•6 citations

Reversible Data Hiding for Quantum Images using Quantum Controlled-NOT Gate Operation

Gaofeng Luo, Ling Shi, Zijuan Shi +1 more

At present, quantum image data hiding technology is restricted by high fidelity and embedding capacity, which frequently leads to permanent distortion of carrier images.A reversible data hiding method based on quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate operation was proposed in the present study to satisfy the requirements of embedding capacity and visual quality and recover the original carrier image without loss.First, the hidden and carrier images were represented by a novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images.The hidden images were then encrypted and scrambled by employing chaos method.The quantum secret image was embedded into the relevant bit plane of the quantum carrier image considering quantum CNOT gate operation.The quantum key image was also generated.Finally, the current work not only extracted the quantum secret image without error but also recovered the carrier image without loss via inverse quantum CNOT gate operation.Simulation experiments were conducted to analyze embedding concealment and visual quality of the embedded steganographic images.Results demonstrate that the quantum circuit based on quantum CNOT gate operation not only enhances the embedding concealment but also improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio at the embedding capacity of 2 bits per pixel by 10% compared with the traditional least significant bit method.Thus, this operation achieves the lossless recovery of the original quantum carrier image.This study also provides certain theoretical importance and practical value for the security authentication and protection of quantum images.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review•Apr 1, 2020•2 citations

A New Quantum Watermarking Based on Quantum Wavelet Transforms*

Shahrokh Heidari, Mosayeb Naseri, Reza Gheibi +3 more

Abstract Quantum watermarking is a technique to embed specific information, usually the owner’s identification, into quantum cover data such for copyright protection purposes. In this paper, a new scheme for quantum watermarking based on quantum wavelet transforms is proposed which includes scrambling, embedding and extracting procedures. The invisibility and robustness performances of the proposed watermarking method is confirmed by simulation technique. The invisibility of the scheme is examined by the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the histogram calculation. Furthermore the robustness of the scheme is analyzed by the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Correlation Two-Dimensional (Corr 2-D) calculation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme indicate not only acceptable visual quality but also a good resistance against different types of attack.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Jun 1, 2017•63 citations

Quantum Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Haar Wavelet Transform

WenWen Hu, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Ahmed El-Rafei +1 more

In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2019•51 citations

Efficient Quantum Information Hiding for Remote Medical Image Sharing

Ahmed A. Abd El‐Latif, Bassem Abd-El-Atty, M. Shamim Hossain +3 more

Information hiding aims to embed secret data into the multimedia, such as image, audio, video, and text. In this paper, two new quantum information hiding approaches are put forward. A quantum steganography approach is proposed to hide a quantum secret image into a quantum cover image. The quantum secret image is encrypted first using a controlled-NOT gate to demonstrate the security of the embedded data. The encrypted secret image is embedded into the quantum cover image using the two most and least significant qubits. In addition, a quantum image watermarking approach is presented to hide a quantum watermark gray image into a quantum carrier image. The quantum watermark image, which is scrambled by utilizing Arnold's cat map, is then embedded into the quantum carrier image using the two least and most significant qubits. Only the watermarked image and the key are sufficient to extract the embedded quantum watermark image. The proposed novelty has been illustrated using a scenario of sharing medical imagery between two remote hospitals. The simulation and analysis demonstrate that the two newly proposed approaches have excellent visual quality and high embedding capacity and security.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2018•153 citations
Quantum steganography is a technology which can hide information effectively for achieving copyright protection. In this paper, a quantum steganography scheme using quantum wavelet transform and the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image is proposed, and this scheme can embed the secret text of size [Formula: see text] into a [Formula: see text] gray-scale carrier image. In the scrambling operation, the text is scrambled by the scrambling circuit including bit-reverse, quantum equal and CNOT gate to improve its security. Before embedding, the carrier image is first transformed by 1-level quantum Haar wavelet transform, and then its low-frequency part is divided into blocks. The simulation results suggest that the proposed scheme has good performance in visual quality and robustness. Finally, through the analysis of circuit complexity, the scheme has low complexity O(n).
Based on the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image (NEQR), a new blind quantum steganography scheme is proposed. In this scheme, an improved quantum representation of text utilizing ASCII is provided that uses two qubit sequences to store the same quantum text message. The general embedding process of the scheme is as follows: firstly, the cover image of sized \n\n\n2\nn\n\n√ó\n\n2\nn\n\n\n will be divided into eight blocks of sized \n\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n2\n\n\n√ó\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n1\n\n\n\n, and the secret quantum text of sized \n\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n2\n\n\n√ó\n\n2\n\nn\n‚àí\n1\n\n\n\n is scrambled by Gray code transform method. Then, the disorder quantum text is embedded into the eight blocks of cover image employing the Gray code as a judgment condition. Meanwhile, the corresponding quantum circuits are drawn. Through the analysis of all quantum circuits, it can be concluded that the scheme has a lower complexity, that is, O(n). And the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzing in terms of simulation results of three items: visual quality, circuit complexity, and robustness.
Based on the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image (NEQR), a new blind quantum steganography scheme is proposed. In this scheme, an improved quantum representation of text utilizing American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is provided that uses two qubit sequences to store the same quantum text message. The general embedding process of the scheme is as follows: First, the cover image of size [Formula: see text] will be divided into eight blocks of size [Formula: see text] and the secret quantum text of size [Formula: see text] is scrambled by Gray code transform method. Then, the disorder quantum text is embedded into the eight blocks of cover image employing the Gray code as a judgment condition. Meanwhile, the corresponding quantum circuits are drawn. Through the analysis of all quantum circuits, it can be concluded that the scheme has a lower complexity that is [Formula: see text]. And the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of simulation results of three items: visual quality, capacity and robustness.
At present, quantum image data hiding technology is restricted by high fidelity and embedding capacity, which frequently leads to permanent distortion of carrier images.A reversible data hiding method based on quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate operation was proposed in the present study to satisfy the requirements of embedding capacity and visual quality and recover the original carrier image without loss.First, the hidden and carrier images were represented by a novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images.The hidden images were then encrypted and scrambled by employing chaos method.The quantum secret image was embedded into the relevant bit plane of the quantum carrier image considering quantum CNOT gate operation.The quantum key image was also generated.Finally, the current work not only extracted the quantum secret image without error but also recovered the carrier image without loss via inverse quantum CNOT gate operation.Simulation experiments were conducted to analyze embedding concealment and visual quality of the embedded steganographic images.Results demonstrate that the quantum circuit based on quantum CNOT gate operation not only enhances the embedding concealment but also improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio at the embedding capacity of 2 bits per pixel by 10% compared with the traditional least significant bit method.Thus, this operation achieves the lossless recovery of the original quantum carrier image.This study also provides certain theoretical importance and practical value for the security authentication and protection of quantum images.
Abstract Quantum watermarking is a technique to embed specific information, usually the owner’s identification, into quantum cover data such for copyright protection purposes. In this paper, a new scheme for quantum watermarking based on quantum wavelet transforms is proposed which includes scrambling, embedding and extracting procedures. The invisibility and robustness performances of the proposed watermarking method is confirmed by simulation technique. The invisibility of the scheme is examined by the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the histogram calculation. Furthermore the robustness of the scheme is analyzed by the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Correlation Two-Dimensional (Corr 2-D) calculation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme indicate not only acceptable visual quality but also a good resistance against different types of attack.
In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.
Information hiding aims to embed secret data into the multimedia, such as image, audio, video, and text. In this paper, two new quantum information hiding approaches are put forward. A quantum steganography approach is proposed to hide a quantum secret image into a quantum cover image. The quantum secret image is encrypted first using a controlled-NOT gate to demonstrate the security of the embedded data. The encrypted secret image is embedded into the quantum cover image using the two most and least significant qubits. In addition, a quantum image watermarking approach is presented to hide a quantum watermark gray image into a quantum carrier image. The quantum watermark image, which is scrambled by utilizing Arnold's cat map, is then embedded into the quantum carrier image using the two least and most significant qubits. Only the watermarked image and the key are sufficient to extract the embedded quantum watermark image. The proposed novelty has been illustrated using a scenario of sharing medical imagery between two remote hospitals. The simulation and analysis demonstrate that the two newly proposed approaches have excellent visual quality and high embedding capacity and security.