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IEEE Access

Quantum Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Haar Wavelet Transform

WenWen Hu, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Ahmed El-Rafei, She-Xiang Jiang

Published Jan 1, 2019• 51 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.

DOI
10.1109/access.2019.2937390

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In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.
As one of the important branches of quantum image processing, quantum image watermarking technology has been studied by many related personnel. However, most of them are performed in the time domain, and there are relatively few algorithms for quantum image watermarking in the transform domain. This paper proposes a quantum image watermarking technology based on quantum D4 wavelet transform, which specifically includes several aspects. Combining quantum wavelet transform and controlled-rotating gate, this paper proposed a quantum image watermarking algorithm for the modified flexible representation of quantum images (FRQIM) and the normal arbitrary superposition state (NASS). Firstly, the wavelet coefficients of the image are obtained by quantum wavelet transform, then the rotating gate is designed by the information of the watermark image, then the embedding position of the watermark image information is controlled by the controlled gate, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the carrier image by the controlled-rotating gate. This scheme makes full use of the parallelism of quantum computing and can operate on two images at the same time. The simulation results show that for different image combinations, the embedded image is not significantly different from the original image. Compared with the quantum image watermarking algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform, the image distortion after watermarking is smaller, and there are more options for embedding the image.
Quantum image watermarking technology is influenced by embedding algorithm, which permanently distorts the embedded quantum carrier image.To protect and authenticate quantum images without damaging the carrier images, this study proposed a quantum image reversible watermarking algorithm combining the most significant qubit (MSQb) and the least significant qubit (LSQb).First, a binary watermark image, a grayscale carrier image, and an empty key image were represented using the novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images.Second, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the MSQb of the carrier image.If they were equal, then the high qubit of the quantum key image was flipped.Otherwise, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the XOR value of the lowest two qubits of the carrier image.The LSQb of the carrier image was modified according to the matching result.Finally, the quantum watermarked image was obtained.Simulation experiments and theoretical analysis verified the feasibility and watermark performance of the scheme.Results demonstrate that the scheme achieves correct extraction of quantum image watermark and lossless restoration of original image.The visual quality PSNR of the carrier image embedded with watermark through the scheme is improved by approximately 4% compared with that through the traditional LSQb method.The study provides a reference for studying and implementing reversible image watermarking technology in the era of quantum computer, which can be applied to harsh copyright protection and authentication of the visual quality of the original carrier image.
Quantum steganography is a technology which can hide information effectively for achieving copyright protection. In this paper, a quantum steganography scheme using quantum wavelet transform and the novel enhanced quantum representation for quantum image is proposed, and this scheme can embed the secret text of size [Formula: see text] into a [Formula: see text] gray-scale carrier image. In the scrambling operation, the text is scrambled by the scrambling circuit including bit-reverse, quantum equal and CNOT gate to improve its security. Before embedding, the carrier image is first transformed by 1-level quantum Haar wavelet transform, and then its low-frequency part is divided into blocks. The simulation results suggest that the proposed scheme has good performance in visual quality and robustness. Finally, through the analysis of circuit complexity, the scheme has low complexity O(n).
Quantum watermarking technology, which is used in anti-counterfeiting and copyright protection, play an important role in the future quantum computer era. To embed more data and reduce image distortion, a novel quantum watermarking method of combining spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. To this end, the carrier and watermark image are prepared by the novel quantum model of color digital images.  The proposed quantum watermarking method is divided into two parts according to the needs of the owner and the importance of the watermarks. These two parts of watermark are embedded into the cover using the spatial and frequency domain. Analysis indicates that the complexity of the watermark separation process increases the difficulty for the attacker to reconstruct the quantum watermarking. Numerical simulation results using MATLAB software shows that this algorithm has better embedding capacity. Not only that, it also has good invisibility and can ensure the security.
The quantum image encryption and authentication algorithm are proposed based on quantum affine transformation and quantum Haar wavelet transform. This algorithm is divided into two main steps: encryption and embedding. During the encryption phase, affine transform and Hénon map are combined to carry out scrambling-diffusion processing on the plaintext image. In the phase of embedding, the color carrier image undergoes decomposition using the quantum Haar wavelet transform. Then the ciphertext image information and identity information are hidden into the wavelet domain of the color carrier image, and the final transmitted image has visual significance. The suggested algorithm significantly minimizes the risk of image data compromise during transmission and realizes the dual security of encryption and authentication. The security and the robustness of the algorithm are analyzed by using the evaluation indexes of image encryption and information hiding. The findings indicate that the introduced algorithm offers superior security compared to alternative methods, ensuring a more dependable and safeguarded transmission of image data.
This paper proposes a quantum watermarking scheme in spatial domain for quantum grayscale images, using the New Enhanced Quantum Image Representation (NEQR). The Quantum Majority Finder (QMF) is proposed and applied to determine the embedding rules of the watermark information. A Bit-plane Repositioning (BR) method is proposed to reconstruct the quantum watermark, in order to embed it uniformly into the quantum carrier image. The quantum circuits of the proposed scheme are designed. We simulate the proposed scheme on a classical computer using MATLAB and evaluate it with various metrics. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve good visual quality and robustness.