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Quantum Watermarking Scheme based on Spatial Domain and Frequency Domain

Gaofeng Luo, Ling Shi, Youde Cheng

Published Feb 29, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum watermarking technology, which is used in anti-counterfeiting and copyright protection, play an important role in the future quantum computer era. To embed more data and reduce image distortion, a novel quantum watermarking method of combining spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. To this end, the carrier and watermark image are prepared by the novel quantum model of color digital images.  The proposed quantum watermarking method is divided into two parts according to the needs of the owner and the importance of the watermarks. These two parts of watermark are embedded into the cover using the spatial and frequency domain. Analysis indicates that the complexity of the watermark separation process increases the difficulty for the attacker to reconstruct the quantum watermarking. Numerical simulation results using MATLAB software shows that this algorithm has better embedding capacity. Not only that, it also has good invisibility and can ensure the security.

DOI
10.17762/de.vi.297

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Quantum watermarking technology, which is used in anti-counterfeiting and copyright protection, play an important role in the future quantum computer era. To embed more data and reduce image distortion, a novel quantum watermarking method of combining spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. To this end, the carrier and watermark image are prepared by the novel quantum model of color digital images.  The proposed quantum watermarking method is divided into two parts according to the needs of the owner and the importance of the watermarks. These two parts of watermark are embedded into the cover using the spatial and frequency domain. Analysis indicates that the complexity of the watermark separation process increases the difficulty for the attacker to reconstruct the quantum watermarking. Numerical simulation results using MATLAB software shows that this algorithm has better embedding capacity. Not only that, it also has good invisibility and can ensure the security.
Three spatial-domain-based quantum watermarking schemes (QWSs) are proposed for quantum hue, saturation, and lightness (QHSL) color model images. Among them, QWS-visible is a visible watermarking scheme in which only the copyright owner who owns both the image mask and key image can remove the visible watermark from the protected image; QWS-lossless is an invisible watermarking scheme that can embed a watermark image in some constrained areas of the image without destroying the image quality; QWS-QRcode embeds a QR code with a color pattern into a carrier image, and uses the error correction mechanism of the QR code to resist a certain degree of cropping attacks. Based on simulation experiments, the QWSs’ visual effect, security, applicability, and ability to resist cropping attacks are analyzed. The proposed watermarking schemes set the stage for advancing the research of quantum image watermarking based on the HSL color model.
This paper proposes a quantum watermarking scheme in spatial domain for quantum grayscale images, using the New Enhanced Quantum Image Representation (NEQR). The Quantum Majority Finder (QMF) is proposed and applied to determine the embedding rules of the watermark information. A Bit-plane Repositioning (BR) method is proposed to reconstruct the quantum watermark, in order to embed it uniformly into the quantum carrier image. The quantum circuits of the proposed scheme are designed. We simulate the proposed scheme on a classical computer using MATLAB and evaluate it with various metrics. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve good visual quality and robustness.
Abstract Quantum watermarking is a technique to embed specific information, usually the owner’s identification, into quantum cover data such for copyright protection purposes. In this paper, a new scheme for quantum watermarking based on quantum wavelet transforms is proposed which includes scrambling, embedding and extracting procedures. The invisibility and robustness performances of the proposed watermarking method is confirmed by simulation technique. The invisibility of the scheme is examined by the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the histogram calculation. Furthermore the robustness of the scheme is analyzed by the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Correlation Two-Dimensional (Corr 2-D) calculation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme indicate not only acceptable visual quality but also a good resistance against different types of attack.
Quantum image watermarking technology is influenced by embedding algorithm, which permanently distorts the embedded quantum carrier image.To protect and authenticate quantum images without damaging the carrier images, this study proposed a quantum image reversible watermarking algorithm combining the most significant qubit (MSQb) and the least significant qubit (LSQb).First, a binary watermark image, a grayscale carrier image, and an empty key image were represented using the novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images.Second, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the MSQb of the carrier image.If they were equal, then the high qubit of the quantum key image was flipped.Otherwise, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the XOR value of the lowest two qubits of the carrier image.The LSQb of the carrier image was modified according to the matching result.Finally, the quantum watermarked image was obtained.Simulation experiments and theoretical analysis verified the feasibility and watermark performance of the scheme.Results demonstrate that the scheme achieves correct extraction of quantum image watermark and lossless restoration of original image.The visual quality PSNR of the carrier image embedded with watermark through the scheme is improved by approximately 4% compared with that through the traditional LSQb method.The study provides a reference for studying and implementing reversible image watermarking technology in the era of quantum computer, which can be applied to harsh copyright protection and authentication of the visual quality of the original carrier image.
The development of future technology allows the transfer of information transmission in quantum form to be more widely used. However, research related to data security is still in progress and is limited so that it can provide greater potential for data theft with quantum technology. One of them is the theft of visual information data (image). Thus, we need a data security system that can protect image information in quantum computing. Quantum image watermarking is a data security technique by inserting a watermark that aims to protect property rights for multimedia products, such as images. This study proposes a quantum image watermarking scheme based on (Least Significant Bits) LSB for copyright protection for color images. In the embedding process, the watermark image is inserted into the cover image using the LSB method, then transformed into a quantum state. In the receiver, the quantum value detection is carried out on the watermarked image to extract back the watermark that has been inserted. From simulation result, the quantum watermarking system obtains high imperceptibility, the watermark robustness to Pauli-X and Pauli-Controlled-NOT (CNOT) noise and high watermark payload.
At present, most watermarking algorithms use pseudo-random number sequences as watermarks, and the design of the algorithm is more focused on improving the concealment and robustness.The common problem is poor security of the watermark itself.At the same time, the frequency domain algorithm also has poor concealment.Based on quantum secure communication technology, this paper proposes a new frequency domain watermark embedding and extraction algorithm for secure communication.The algorithm, based on the principle of the BB84 protocol, uses the quantum key with true randomness generated by the mechanism for distributing the quantum key as the data source for preparing watermarks.Simultaneously, the quantum key is combined with the frequency domain wavelet transform watermarking algorithm to embed and extract the watermark.The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has high security, the same robustness as the classical frequency domain watermarking algorithm, and higher concealment than the frequency domain watermarking algorithm.