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International Journal of Performability Engineering

Image Pixel Value Unification Digital Watermarking Embedding Method based on Quantum Key

Jianan Wu, Di Zhang, Huan Wang, Zhu Dexin, Song Lijun

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

At present, most watermarking algorithms use pseudo-random number sequences as watermarks, and the design of the algorithm is more focused on improving the concealment and robustness.The common problem is poor security of the watermark itself.At the same time, the frequency domain algorithm also has poor concealment.Based on quantum secure communication technology, this paper proposes a new frequency domain watermark embedding and extraction algorithm for secure communication.The algorithm, based on the principle of the BB84 protocol, uses the quantum key with true randomness generated by the mechanism for distributing the quantum key as the data source for preparing watermarks.Simultaneously, the quantum key is combined with the frequency domain wavelet transform watermarking algorithm to embed and extract the watermark.The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has high security, the same robustness as the classical frequency domain watermarking algorithm, and higher concealment than the frequency domain watermarking algorithm.

DOI
10.23940/ijpe.19.08.p28.22772284

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At present, most watermarking algorithms use pseudo-random number sequences as watermarks, and the design of the algorithm is more focused on improving the concealment and robustness.The common problem is poor security of the watermark itself.At the same time, the frequency domain algorithm also has poor concealment.Based on quantum secure communication technology, this paper proposes a new frequency domain watermark embedding and extraction algorithm for secure communication.The algorithm, based on the principle of the BB84 protocol, uses the quantum key with true randomness generated by the mechanism for distributing the quantum key as the data source for preparing watermarks.Simultaneously, the quantum key is combined with the frequency domain wavelet transform watermarking algorithm to embed and extract the watermark.The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has high security, the same robustness as the classical frequency domain watermarking algorithm, and higher concealment than the frequency domain watermarking algorithm.
Quantum watermarking technology, which is used in anti-counterfeiting and copyright protection, play an important role in the future quantum computer era. To embed more data and reduce image distortion, a novel quantum watermarking method of combining spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. To this end, the carrier and watermark image are prepared by the novel quantum model of color digital images.  The proposed quantum watermarking method is divided into two parts according to the needs of the owner and the importance of the watermarks. These two parts of watermark are embedded into the cover using the spatial and frequency domain. Analysis indicates that the complexity of the watermark separation process increases the difficulty for the attacker to reconstruct the quantum watermarking. Numerical simulation results using MATLAB software shows that this algorithm has better embedding capacity. Not only that, it also has good invisibility and can ensure the security.
With the development of Globe Energy Internet, quantum steganography has been used for information hiding to improve copyright protection. Based on secure quantum communication protocol, and flexible steganography, secret information is embedded in quantum images in covert communication. Under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the quantum image, the secret information is transmitted safely with virtue of good imperceptibility. A novel quantum watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper, based on the shared group key value of the communication parties and the transmission of the selected carrier map pixel gray higher than 8 bits. According to the shared group key value of the communication parties, the two effective Bell state qubits of the carried quantum streak image are replaced with secret information. Compared with the existing algorithms, the new algorithm improves the robustness of the secret information itself and the execution efficiency of its embedding and extraction. Experimental simulation and performance analysis also show that the novel algorithm has an excellent performance in transparency, robustness and embedded capacity.
In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.
Abstract Quantum image processing, which merges classical image processing techniques with quantum computing, provides exceptional storage capacity and unparalleled parallel computing power. In this study, we present a quantum color image watermarking scheme that employs quantum error correction codes to address issues such as pixel loss and image distortion during watermark embedding and extraction. By utilizing the least significant bit method to embed the color values of the watermark image into those of the carrier image, we improve the scheme’s robustness. We also address the error correction capabilities of channel coding for phase-flip errors and follow the majority principle, resulting in more accurate extraction of the watermark image’s color and enhancing the watermarking scheme’s reliability and integrity. Our experimental simulations demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme boasts high security, strong robustness, and excellent concealment.
As one of the important branches of quantum image processing, quantum image watermarking technology has been studied by many related personnel. However, most of them are performed in the time domain, and there are relatively few algorithms for quantum image watermarking in the transform domain. This paper proposes a quantum image watermarking technology based on quantum D4 wavelet transform, which specifically includes several aspects. Combining quantum wavelet transform and controlled-rotating gate, this paper proposed a quantum image watermarking algorithm for the modified flexible representation of quantum images (FRQIM) and the normal arbitrary superposition state (NASS). Firstly, the wavelet coefficients of the image are obtained by quantum wavelet transform, then the rotating gate is designed by the information of the watermark image, then the embedding position of the watermark image information is controlled by the controlled gate, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the carrier image by the controlled-rotating gate. This scheme makes full use of the parallelism of quantum computing and can operate on two images at the same time. The simulation results show that for different image combinations, the embedded image is not significantly different from the original image. Compared with the quantum image watermarking algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform, the image distortion after watermarking is smaller, and there are more options for embedding the image.
The protection of multimedia information against copying and tampering attacks by unauthorized parties is a challenge nowadays because of the tremendous increase in digital communications. Based on this, this paper presents a quantum blind image watermarking scheme incorporating Improved Novel Enhanced Representation (INEQR) for efficient image encoding, two-dimensional Quantum Discrete Cosine Transform (QDCT) frequency domain processing, and adaptive QIM for watermark embedding. The selection of watermarking parameters in this framework is carried out in a completely secure manner using Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on BB84. Simulation work on 30 standard grayscale images shows the strong imperceptibility, achieving PSNR values in the range of 52–58 dB and SSIM values between 0.98 and 0.999. and a more than 95 percent accuracy level in watermark recovery under attacks such as noise, compression attacks, and geometric attacks, thus authenticating PSNR-52– 58 dB and SSIM-0.98–0.999. Robustness analysis performed against signal processing and geometric attacks indicates reliable extraction of watermarks, where the proposed framework attains an extraction accuracy of more than 95% under additive noise and filtering scenarios and moderate robustness against geometric attacks such as rotation and scaling. These indicate that the proposed framework is effective and provides imperceptible blind image watermarks based on the quantum approach.