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Romanian Cyber Security Journal

Study on Actual Developments in the Field of Quantum Computing in Terms of Cyber Security and Physical Systems

Maria-Daniela IANCU

Published May 18, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.54851/v4i1y202206

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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate heterogeneous hardware and software components across multi-layered architectures, enabling real-time interaction between computational elements and physical environments. The rapid evolution of quantum computing introduces a paradigm shift in the threat landscape for CPS security, as quantum algorithms — particularly Shor's algorithm — threaten to compromise widely deployed public-key cryptographic schemes such as RSA and ECC. This paper provides a structured analysis of quantum-induced threats to CPS and evaluates candidate mitigation frameworks, including Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). We present a taxonomy of attack scenarios organised by CPS layer, a comparative analysis of quantum-resilient defence models, and a conceptual risk-projection model illustrating how cryptographic breach probabilities may evolve as quantum hardware matures between 2025 and 2050. NOTE: All tabular data in this paper are based on conceptual simulations derived from theoretical models and existing literature; they are intended as illustrative benchmarks rather than empirically validated results. Our findings indicate that migration toward hybrid PQC architectures, combined with hardware-level security measures and regulatory modernisation, is the most pragmatic near-term strategy for CPS operators facing the quantum transition.
Cyber physical systems (CPSs) will be deployed for decades, thus they should be secure against long-term attacks. Most CPSs adopt the datagram transport layer security (DTLS), as the de facto security protocol. By using public key cryptography (PKC) based on traditional RSA or elliptic-curves, DTLS establishes secured communication channels between multiple parties. However, the foreseeable breakthrough of quantum computers represents a risk for many PKC ecosystems. Traditional PKC will no be longer considered secure. Therefore, the integration of post-quantum security is mandatory. Due to their limited resources, tight performance requirements, and long-term life-cycles, this is especially challenging for CPSs. In this letter we propose, implement and evaluate for the first time a post-quantum enhanced DTLS, able to establish secure communications of CPSs, even in the presence of quantum computers. An NTRU post-quantum solution was used to perform the key transport among the CPSs entities. We show that is feasible to integrate our post-quantum enhanced DTLS, together with the full Internet engineering task force protocol stack in highly constrained environments, such as the CPSs.