Using the ideas of quantum mechanics, Quantum computing transfers information in completely new ways. It sets out to develop many fields of science and technology, including Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Using computer algorithms, CPS helps to solve real-world physical systems. Hence, it plays a prominent role in areas like self-driving cars, automated factories, healthcare, smart energy networks, and robotics. While traditional computing has been used to design CPS, the rise of quantum computing is poised to enable new capabilities. In particular, it solves difficult problems more quickly and, hence, offers better security. In this survey, we discuss how quantum computing can be utilized in CPS, focusing on its possible applications, future impacts on system design, improvements, security, and challenges.
Using the ideas of quantum mechanics, Quantum computing transfers information in completely new ways. It sets out to develop many fields of science and technology, including Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Using computer algorithms, CPS helps to solve real-world physical systems. Hence, it plays a prominent role in areas like self-driving cars, automated factories, healthcare, smart energy networks, and robotics. While traditional computing has been used to design CPS, the rise of quantum computing is poised to enable new capabilities. In particular, it solves difficult problems more quickly and, hence, offers better security. In this survey, we discuss how quantum computing can be utilized in CPS, focusing on its possible applications, future impacts on system design, improvements, security, and challenges.
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are a technological marvel forming our modern world's backbone. These systems, which integrate physical processes, embedded systems, networking infrastructure, IoT, communication protocols, intelligent algorithms, and other application-specific resources, mark the convergence of computing with control and communication. They unify physical and cyber systems, paving the way for the next generation of critical systems such as autonomous transportation, smart grids, industrial IoT, and more. The next-generation CPS, characterized by their integration of physical processes, embedded systems, networking infrastructure, IoT, communication protocols, and intelligent algorithms, are set to revolutionize our world. These systems will incorporate AI and ML-based algorithms for decision-making and optimization. At the same time, edge and fog computing models will be integrated into the infrastructure to reduce data transmission latencies. New-generation networks like 5G and above will provide high-speed connectivity and seamless integration of devices and components. Digital twins will become a standard tool for simulating new scenarios, predictive maintenance, and more. As security threats for cyber-physical systems evolve alarmingly, robust protection becomes increasingly crucial. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising solution in this context. With their ability to provide secure cryptographic key exchanges in the operating environments of cyber-physical systems, QKD protocols are gaining traction as the industry shifts towards quantum computing.
For cyber-physical systems (CPS), ensuring process and data security is critically important since the corresponding infrastructure needs to have high operational efficiency with no downtime. There are many techniques available that make communications in CPS environments secure – such as enabling traffic encryption between sensors and the computers processing the sensor’s data, incorporating message authentication codes to achieve integrity, etc. However, most of these techniques are dependent on some form of symmetric or asymmetric cryptographic algorithms like AES and RSA. These algorithms are under threat because of the emerging quantum computing paradigm: with quantum computing, these encryption algorithms can be potentially broken. It is therefore desirable to explore the use of quantum cryptography – which cannot be broken by quantum computing – for securing the classical communications infrastructure deployed in CPS. In this paper, we discuss possible consequences of this option. We also explain how quantum computers can help even more: namely, they can be used to maximize the system’s security where scalability is never a constraint, and to ensure we are not wasting time cycles on communicating and processing irrelevant information.
Quantum computing is a fantastic technology that has been evolved throughout time and is 100 trillion times quicker than a supercomputer. It is based on quantum theory, which can do calculations using probability theory and linear algebra. These two disciplines of research are involved in all sub-areas of Data Science and other contemporary technology domains, and can answer a wide range of complex problems which even the most powerful supercomputer cannot carry out. Instead of just 0's and 1's where the classical computers encipher the data or convert the information, it works on qubit that is, it can hold up to two bits which is called as Quantum superposition where it has two different states zero or one in which it can be defined and is also possible for it to exist in both, i.e. a superposition of the two states. Light based quantum computer outperforms the classical super computer by exceeding its performance speed. Quantum computing can solve known problems such as encryption and cyber security. Quantum computing has the ability to process quickly to arrive at a solution and offers well and more computing power to the world of Artificial Intelligence systems and efficient Machine learning systems by solving small and large problems much faster. The main aim or objective of this paper is to discuss about the applications and importance of quantum computing in future which is very helpful to the people who are associated with cryptography, Aviation, Data Analytics, Forecasting, Medical research, Pattern matching, self-driving cars and so on.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge field of information technology that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations. It has major implications for the cyber security industry. Existing cyber protection applications are working well, but there are still challenges and vulnerabilities in computer networks. Sometimes data and privacy are also compromised. These complications lead to research questions asking what kind of cyber protection applications of quantum computing are there and what potential methods or techniques can be used for cyber protection? These questions will reveal how much power quantum computing has and to what extent it can outperform the conventional computing systems. This scoping review was conducted by considering 815 papers. It showed the possibilities that can be achieved if quantum technologies are implemented in cyber environments. This scoping review discusses various domains such as algorithms and applications, bioinformatics, cloud and edge computing, the organization of complex systems, application areas focused on security and threats, and the broader quantum computing ecosystem. In each of these areas, there is significant scope for quantum computing to be implemented and to revolutionize the working environment. Numerous quantum computing applications for cyber protection and a number of techniques to protect our data and privacy were identified. The results are not limited to network security but also include data security. This paper also discusses societal aspects, e.g., the applications of quantum computing in the social sciences. This scoping review discusses how to enhance the efficiency and security of quantum computing in various cyber security domains. Additionally, it encourages the reader to think about what kind of techniques and methods can be deployed to secure the cyber world.
Quantum computing is a modern way of computing that is based on the science of quantum mechanics and its unbelievable phenomena. It is a beautiful combination of physics, mathematics, computer science and information theory. It provides high computational power, less energy consumption and exponential speed over classical computers by controlling the behavior of small physical objects i.e. microscopic particles like atoms, electrons, photons, etc. Here, we present an introduction to the fundamental concepts and some ideas of quantum computing. This paper starts with the origin of traditional computing and discusses all the improvements and transformations that have been done due to their limitations until now. Then it moves on to the basic working of quantum computing and the quantum properties it follows like superposition, entanglement and interference. To understand the full potentials and challenges of a practical quantum computer that can be launched commercially, the paper covers the architecture, hardware, software, design, types and algorithms that are specifically required by the quantum computers. It uncovers the capability of quantum computers that can impact our lives in various viewpoints like cyber security, traffic optimization, medicines, artificial intelligence and many more. At last, we concluded all the importance, advantages and disadvantages of quantum computers. Small-scale quantum computers are being developed recently. This development is heading towards a great future due to their high potential capabilities and advancements in ongoing research. Before focusing on the significances of a general-purpose quantum computer and exploring the power of the new arising technology, it is better to review the origin, potentials, and limitations of the existing traditional computing. This information helps us in understanding the possible challenges in developing exotic and competitive technology. It will also give us an insight into the ongoing progress in this field.
The convergence of traditional cyber-physical systems (CPS), quantum computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to a novel system known as a quantum cyber-physical system (QCPS). This study aims to examine the integration of post-quantum models enabled by AI into quantum computing platforms and systems (QCPS). The merging of AI methodologies and the computational capabilities of quantum computers presents a novel approach to addressing intricate challenges in CPS. This context has several potential outcomes, including enhanced safety measures, improved resource allocation, and increased efficiency in quantum operations. Nevertheless, it is imperative to meticulously examine several challenges that arise in this context, including quantum decoherence, the interpretability of AI models, and the nascent stage of post-quantum algorithms. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate the advent of a novel era characterized by the integration of quantum-enabled systems, hence holding the capacity to revolutionize numerous domains within the economy and societal structure.