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Journal of Modern Optics

Squeezed Light

R. Loudon, P. L. Knight

Published Jun 1, 1987• 1,648 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we review the current state of progress in research on squeezed light. We discuss the basic theory of squeezing and the nature of quantum noise in optical fields. We examine various atomic sources of squeezed light and discuss phase-sensitive detectors of quantum noise including homodyne and heterodyne detectors. Various successful nonlinear optical methods for generating squeezed light are reviewed. We conclude with a discussion of the possible applications of squeezed light.

DOI
10.1080/09500348714550721

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In this paper we review the current state of progress in research on squeezed light. We discuss the basic theory of squeezing and the nature of quantum noise in optical fields. We examine various atomic sources of squeezed light and discuss phase-sensitive detectors of quantum noise including homodyne and heterodyne detectors. Various successful nonlinear optical methods for generating squeezed light are reviewed. We conclude with a discussion of the possible applications of squeezed light.
A squeezed state of the electromagnetic field has less noise in one of its two amplitude components than that of a coherent state. This property makes squeezed states potentially useful in low noise and precision measurement. Squeezed states may be generated by, among other things, degenerate parametric amplifiers and four-wave mixers. The reduced noise in one of the amplitude components is most easily observed via a homodyne detector. A number of experimental efforts to generate and detect squeezed states are under way. Here, in describing experimental techniques, the experiments' carried out by Slusher et al. are emphasized. A number of techniques were employed to successfully generate squeezed light. An atomic beam of sodium provided the optical nonlinearity in a cavity-backward four-wave mixer. By employing pairs of Fabry-Perot modes spaced symmetrically about the pump frequency, squeezed light was generated in nondegenerate conditions where Rayleigh scattering of pump light could be avoided. To observe squeezing, a number of nonidealities such as phase jitter and detector inefficiencies also had to be overcome.
Squeezed light is a nonclassical state of electro-magnetic field and has noise suppressed below the standard quantum limit in one quadrature component while increased in the other. One of the important applications of squeezed lights is quantum enhanced sensing such as gravitational wave detector with ultimate resolution. Another important application is continuous variables quantum teleportation which utilizes two mode squeezed lights as an essential resource for quantum entanglement. In these applications the final outcome is limited by squeezing level. So it is important to generate highly squeezed light. Over the past few decades a considerable number of the experiments have been performed to generate highly squeezed lights. One of the successful methods is utilization of a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) which includes a nonlinear optical crystal. In this article we will introduce current development of experimental investigation of continuous-wave highly squeezed light by utilizing the OPO and current topics about applications of squeezed light.
This chapter is a short summary of recent developments concerning quantum noise. A quantum state is said to be squeezed when the fluctuations of one observable have been reduced below that of the vacuum state, that is, the ‘shot-noise’ level of the coherent state. Squeezed states are detected using the technique known as balanced homodyne detection. The chapter reviews the reductions in phase and amplitude fluctuations of a squeezed state and discusses their use in interferometry and spectroscopy. The phase-dependent nature of the squeezed field results in line-narrowing of the incoherent spectrum for particular phase choices while other choices of phase result in line-broadening. Interferometry with squeezed light as well as quantum non-demolition measurements are attempting to assess quantum measurement limits in order to further extend the experimental manipulation of light.