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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Squeezed States

Bernard Yurke

Published Jan 1, 1987• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently a number of laboratories have demonstrated the generation of squeezed light, a new kind of light which in some of its aspects exhibits less quantum noise then coherent light. Here a description will be given of how such light is generated and detected. With the successful generation and detection of squeezed light by a number of laboratories1-5 a new degree of control over the quantum statistics of light has been achieved. Light can now be generated which, in some of its aspects, has less quantum noise than coherent light. Such light may find applications in optical communications and in sensitive and precision measurement. Here a description will be given of how squeezed light is generated and detected.6-8 The discussion will be restricted to what is called "quadrature squeezing". The electric field operator for a single mode of the electromagnetic field can be written in the form

DOI
10.1117/12.967177

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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1986•0 citations
Recently a number of laboratories have demonstrated the generation of squeezed light, a new kind of light which in some of its aspects exhibits less quantum noise then coherent light. Here a description will be given of how such light is generated and detected. With the successful generation and detection of squeezed light by a number of laboratories1-5 a new degree of control over the quantum statistics of light has been achieved. Light can now be generated which, in some of its aspects, has less quantum noise than coherent light. Such light may find applications in optical communications and in sensitive and precision measurement. Here a description will be given of how squeezed light is generated and detected.6-8 The discussion will be restricted to what is called "quadrature squeezing". The electric field operator for a single mode of the electromagnetic field can be written in the form
Electromagnetic fields, with the noise on one quadrature component reduced to below the quantum mechanical zero-point fluctuation level and the noise on the other quadrature component enhanced to above it, are currently of great interest in quantum optics because of their potential applications to various precision measurements. Such squeezed states of light are usually produced by imposing nonlinear unitary evolution on coherent (or vacuum) states. On the other hand, squeezed states with reduced photon number noise and enhanced phase noise are generated directly by a constant current-driven semiconductor laser. This is the simplest scheme for the generation of nonclassical light, and so far it has yielded the largest quantum noise reduction. The mutual coupling between a lasing junction and an external electrical circuit provides opportunities for exploring the macroscopic and microscopic quantum effects in open systems.
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.
Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a reduction of fluctuations for one of two quadrature phase amplitudes below the level of fluctuations for the vacuum state. This reduction is a manifestly quantum or nonclassical feature which is of great interest in its own right but also potentially important for precision measurement with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise or vacuum-state limit. We describe three different experiments in which squeezed light has been generated in our laboratory involving parametric downconversion, intracavity frequency doubling, and optical bistability with two-state atoms. By employing the squeezed light produced by a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator, we have achieved improvements in sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit for the detection of both phase and amplitude changes of the electromagnetic field. An alternate route to sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit is through quantum nondemolition measurement, where we have suggested and are implementing a scheme involving parametric conversion and polarization mixing.
A squeezed state of the electromagnetic field has less noise in one of its two amplitude components than that of a coherent state. This property makes squeezed states potentially useful in low noise and precision measurement. Squeezed states may be generated by, among other things, degenerate parametric amplifiers and four-wave mixers. The reduced noise in one of the amplitude components is most easily observed via a homodyne detector. A number of experimental efforts to generate and detect squeezed states are under way. Here, in describing experimental techniques, the experiments' carried out by Slusher et al. are emphasized. A number of techniques were employed to successfully generate squeezed light. An atomic beam of sodium provided the optical nonlinearity in a cavity-backward four-wave mixer. By employing pairs of Fabry-Perot modes spaced symmetrically about the pump frequency, squeezed light was generated in nondegenerate conditions where Rayleigh scattering of pump light could be avoided. To observe squeezing, a number of nonidealities such as phase jitter and detector inefficiencies also had to be overcome.