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RAND Corporation eBooks

An Assessment of the U.S. and Chinese Industrial Bases in Quantum Technology

Edward Parker, Daniel Gonzales, Ajay Kochhar, Sydney Litterer, O'Connor, Kathryn, Jon Schmid, Keller Scholl, Richard Silberglitt, Chang, Joan, Eusebi, Christopher A., Harold, Scott W.

Published Jan 1, 2022• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This report presents a flexible and repeatable set of metrics—specifically, focused on scientific research, government support, private industry activity, and technical achievement—for assessing a nation's industrial base in quantum technology. The authors apply these metrics to the United States to assess the current state of its industrial base, and they apply most of the metrics to the People's Republic of China as a comparative case study.

DOI
10.7249/rra869-1

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•Oct 21, 2024•0 citations
This report presents a flexible and repeatable set of metrics—specifically, focused on scientific research, government support, private industry activity, and technical achievement—for assessing a nation's industrial base in quantum technology. The authors apply these metrics to the United States to assess the current state of its industrial base, and they apply most of the metrics to the People's Republic of China as a comparative case study.
Australia has world-class research in quantum technology, and has been a significant presence since the earliest days of the field. There has been sustained and substantial support from all levels of government, and an industrial base that has grown from a single quantum-technology company to a spectrum of businesses covering both software and hardware. Here, we discuss the Australian approach to quantum technology, briefly outlining the research and funding, discussing the current environment, and looking forward to the future.
The MIT Quantum Index Report 2026 provides a comprehensive, data-driven assessment of the evolving quantum-technology landscape. As quantum technologies progress from scientific promise toward practical deployment, decision-makers need clear, accessible measures of technical capability, investment, workforce development, policy and public engagement. This second edition expands and updates the Quantum Index Report's analysis of quantum computing and networking. It tracks developments across research, industry, education, government and society. Drawing on academic, commercial, and policy sources, the report synthesizes trends and visualizes change over time to support informed comparison and discussion. The Quantum Index Report is intended as a nonpartisan public resource for business leaders, educators, policymakers, researchers and the broader public. Its aim is to reduce the complexity of a rapidly changing field while clarifying both its opportunities and remaining challenges.
Policy brief no.15 written within the Reconnect China Horizon Europe project deals with the intensifying global race to harness quantum science. Recognizing the strategic potential of quantum technology for economic, military, and scientific advancement, China is focusing on quantum breakthroughs as a way to shift the balance of power, especially in its competition with the United States. President Xi Jinping has emphasized the importance of scientific innovation, particularly in quantum fields, to fuel national development and ensure security. Chinese researchers, led by figures like Pan Jianwei, have made significant strides in quantum communication and computing. China is particularly advanced in quantum communication, building secure networks that use quantum key distribution (QKD), which is virtually unhackable. China has also launched quantum satellites, like Mozi and Jinan-1, to bolster its space-ground quantum network. Despite its achievements, China may face challenges in keeping up with competitors. The quantum industry lacks robust private investment and relies heavily on state support, while geopolitical tensions, particularly with the U.S., risk isolating China from essential technologies. The coming decade will be crucial as China continues to navigate these obstacles in its quest for quantum supremacy. Policy recommendations: Given the strategic reach and military potential of quantum technologies, and given the central role of the Party and state in the quantum industry in China, any European partnership with and investment in China should be scrutinized carefully Europe must keep up with quantum application developments and standardization so that it does not entirely rely on technology and norms developed by foreign powers in the future Europe may play a constructive role in preventing the fragmentation of norms between the US and China The policy brief is complemented by the relevant infographic (10.5281/zenodo.22555953).