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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Blue Laser Characteristics of Continuous-Wave Single-Wavelength Two-Photon Pumped Rb-Vapor Laser

Yanhui Ji, Yang He, Haohua Wan, Jia‐Min Wang, Fei Chen

Published Dec 15, 2021• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on an analysis of kinetic processes in the continuous-wave (CW) single-wavelength two-photon pumped Rb-vapor laser (Rb-TPAL), a three-dimensional computational model is established using the rate equation. Based on the application of the model to cavity-enhanced Rb-TPAL [Yuanet al.,Optics Express29, 4858 (2021)], the calculated and measured dependences of the laser power on the pump power show good agreement. We simulate the Rb-TPAL pumped by a high-power CW laser diode and analyze the effects of temperature, vapor cell length, pump waist, vapor cell transmission, and output mirror reflectance on the characteristics of the blue laser. The results suggest that the output power and efficiency of blue laser can be improved by optimizing the above parameters; however, the particles in the$5^{2}\text{D}_{5/2}$level face difficulty to transition to the$6^{2}\text{P}_{3/2}$level, and this limits the further improvement of blue laser efficiency; therefore, an approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of Rb-TPAL. This study can be useful for designing a two-photon pumped alkali metal laser with high-power output.

DOI
10.1109/jqe.2021.3135880

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Based on an analysis of kinetic processes in the continuous-wave (CW) single-wavelength two-photon pumped Rb-vapor laser (Rb-TPAL), a three-dimensional computational model is established using the rate equation. Based on the application of the model to cavity-enhanced Rb-TPAL [Yuanet al.,Optics Express29, 4858 (2021)], the calculated and measured dependences of the laser power on the pump power show good agreement. We simulate the Rb-TPAL pumped by a high-power CW laser diode and analyze the effects of temperature, vapor cell length, pump waist, vapor cell transmission, and output mirror reflectance on the characteristics of the blue laser. The results suggest that the output power and efficiency of blue laser can be improved by optimizing the above parameters; however, the particles in the52D5/25^{2}\text{D}_{5/2}52D5/2​level face difficulty to transition to the62P3/26^{2}\text{P}_{3/2}62P3/2​level, and this limits the further improvement of blue laser efficiency; therefore, an approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of Rb-TPAL. This study can be useful for designing a two-photon pumped alkali metal laser with high-power output.
Based on two-photon absorption, a 420nm blue laser of alkali Rb vapor was demonstrated, and a dye laser was used as the pumping laser. Utilizing the energy level structure of Rb atom, lasering mechanism and two-photon absorption process are analyzed. Absorbing two 778.1nm photons, Rb atoms were excited from 52 S1/2 to 52 D5/2, then relaxed to 62 P3/2 with mid infrared photon radiation. 420nm blue laser was achieved by the transition 62 P3/2→52 S1/2. To improve efficiency of the blue laser, two-photon resonant excitation pumped alkali vapor blue lasers are proposed, which will be good beam quality, high efficiency and scalable blue lasers. The development of diode pumped alkali vapor blue laser is expected.
Comprehensive analysis of kinetic and fluid dynamic processes in flowing-gas diode-pumped alkali vapor amplifiers is reported. Taking into account effects of the temperature, the amplified spontaneous emission, the saturation power, the excitation of the alkali atoms to high electronic levels and the ionization, a detailed physical model is established to simulate the output performance of flowing-gas diode-pumped alkali vapor amplifiers. Influences of the flow velocity and the pump power on the amplified power are calculated and analyzed. Comparisons between single and double amplifier, longitudinal and transverse flow are made. Results show that end-pumped cascaded amplifier can provide higher output power under the same total pump power and the cell length, while output powers achieved by single- and double-end pumped, double-side pumped amplifiers with longitudinal or transverse flow have a complicated but valuable relation. Thus the model is extremely helpful for designing high-power flowing-gas diode-pumped alkali vapor amplifiers.
Alternative wavelengths for optically pumped alkali vapor lasers have been developed using single photon excitation of higher lying P-states, stimulated Raman processes, two-photon excitation of S and D states, and electric quadruple excitation on S-D transitions. Two photon excitation of Cs 72D leads to competing and cascade lasing producing red and infrared lasers operating on the D-P transitions, followed by ultraviolet, blue, the standard near infrared DPAL transitions operating on P-S transitions. The S-D pump transitions are fully bleached at pump intensities exceeding 1 MW/cm2, allowing for lasing transitions that terminate on the ground state. The kinetics of these systems are complex due to competition for population inversion among the many optical transitions. An optically pumped mid-infrared rubidium pulsed, mirrorless laser has also been demonstrated in a heat pipe along both the 62P3/2 - 62S1/2 transition at 2.73 μm and the 62P1/2 - 62S1/2 transition at 2.79 μm with a maximum energy of ~100 nJ. Performance improves dramatically as the rubidium vapor density is increased, in direct contradiction with the prior work. No scaling limitations associated with energy pooling or ionization kinetics have been observed. Practical application for infrared counter measures depends on the further development of blue diode pump sources. Finally, stimulated electronic Raman scattering and hyper-Raman processes in potassium vapor near the D1 and D2 lines have been observed using a stable resonator and pulsed laser excitation. First and second order Stokes and anti-Stokes lines were observed simultaneously and independently for a pump laser tuning range exceeding 70 cm-1. When the pump is tuned between the K D1 and D2 lines, an efficient hyper-Raman process dominates with a slope efficiency that exceeds 10%. Raman shifted laser may be useful as a target illuminator or atmospheric compensation beacon for a high power diode pumped alkali laser.
The pumping threshold is an important parameter for laser sources. Limited by the intricate transition mechanism of the one-color two-photon excitation, there has been a shortage of theoretical studies on the pumping threshold characteristics of alkali vapors. Thus, we propose a physical model of the pumping threshold by innovatively combining the coupled wave equation and the rate equation for one-color two-photon excited Cs vapor. To verify the validity of the model, we compare our simulation results with the available experimental data and show that they agree well with each other. By analyzing the main factors influencing the pumping threshold, we find that the cell temperature and frequency detuning of the pumping laser have a decisive impact on the pumping threshold. These results can provide a valuable reference for the selection of appropriate pumping parameters in further experiments.