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Optics Express

Suppression of the magnetic noise response caused by elliptically polarized light in an optical rotation detection system

Bozheng Xing, Jixi Lu, Chang Sun, Tingting Yu, Yue Wu, Yanan Gao, Bangcheng Han

Published Jan 14, 2022• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze and suppress the magnetic noise response in optical rotation detection system (ORDS) in atomic magnetometers in this study. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarized in ORDS, which can polarize the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic noise. We theoretically analyze the frequency responses to the magnetic noise, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called 'break points', in the transverse responses. We reveal the relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz.

DOI
10.1364/oe.449951

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We analyze and suppress the magnetic noise response in optical rotation detection system (ORDS) in atomic magnetometers in this study. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarized in ORDS, which can polarize the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic noise. We theoretically analyze the frequency responses to the magnetic noise, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called 'break points', in the transverse responses. We reveal the relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz.
Optical rotation detection systems are widely used in various kinds of atomic sensors, such as atomic magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes; and appear in many applications such as fundamental physics, biomagnetism, magnetism test, etc. The study analyses the frequency responses to three-axis dynamic magnetic fields in optical rotation detection systems (ORDS) of Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) magnetometers. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarised in ORDS, which can polarise the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic field. Theoretically it analyse the frequency responses to the sinusoidal magnetic field, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called ‘break points’, in the transverse responses. The relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. The paper demonstrated the influence of elliptically polarised light on the sensitivity of ORDS in SERF magnetometers. The elliptically polarised probe light polarises the alkali atom ensemble, which leads to the responses of the magnetic noise in the shield. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz. This method is beneficial for improving probe sensitivity in SERF magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and NMR gyroscopes.
Optical rotation detection system (ORDS) utilizing quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement methods is widely applied in the field of quantum metrology and quantum information. However, the sensitivity of ORDS is limited by the uncertainty from optical-couple noise during the measurement of the atomic spin ensemble. In this study, we specifically analyze the mechanism of optical-couple noise caused by the fluctuations of probe light’s polarization in the modulated ORDS with a new model established to describe atomic spin precession in this particular condition. It is discovered that transverse electron-spin polarization errors are generated by the residual probe photon spin polarization in the ORDS, which results in extra coupling magnetic noise. In order to suppress this noise, a novel in situ method is proposed that the resultant electron-spin errors are reduced by a specifically designed closed-loop system. The results are verified through the ORDS in a co-magnetometer. After zeroing the extra probe photon spin polarization, an angular sensitivity better than1×10−81 \times 10 ^{\mathrm {-8}}1×10−8rad/Hz1/2^{\mathrm {1/2}}1/2is achieved for frequencies higher than 5 Hz, demonstrating a probe background noise of 0.26 fT/Hz1/2^{\mathrm {1/2}}1/2@14.5 Hz, approaching electronic noise and photon shot noise (PSN). With closed-loop control, the optical rotation bias instability is promoted by 4.2 times (from 107.9 to$25.7 \mu $rad/h), and the angular noise of the ORDS is reduced by 2.4 times at 1–100 Hz. The measurement uncertainty of the realized ORDS nears the standard quantum limit, paving the road for long-term ultrasensitive measurements for new physics explorations.
This paper investigates the laser polarization error in the optical rotation detection system (ORDS) of an atomic comagnetometer (ACM), which will seriously degrade the long-term performance of the ORDS. We first establish an optical transmission model of the ORDS by using Jones matrix concerning the optical imperfection of polarizers. Then, we analyze the polarization error based on this model and propose a novel error suppression method. Finally, we experimentally test the long-term performance of the ORDS and the ACM before and after the polarization error suppression to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the long-term performance of the ORDS and the ACM can be improved by approximately 3.4 times with the proposed polarization error suppression method.
Quantum manipulation technology and photoelectric detection technology have jointly facilitated the rapid development of ultra-sensitive atomic spin magnetometers. To improve the output signal and sensitivity of the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) atomic spin magnetometer, the noises influencing on the output signal and the sensitivity were analyzed, and the corresponding noise suppression methods were presented. The magnetic field noises, including the residual magnetic field noise and the light shift noise, were reduced to approximately zero by employing the magnetic field compensation method and by adjusting the frequency of the pump beam, respectively. With respect to the operation temperature, the simulation results showed that the temperature of the potassium atomic spin magnetometer realizing the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime was 180 °C. Moreover, the fluctuation noises of the frequency and the power were suppressed by using the frequency and the power stable systems. The experimental power stability results showed that the light intensity stability was enhanced 10%. Contrast experiments on the sensitivity were carried out to demonstrate the validity of the suppression methods. Finally, a sensitivity of 13 fT/Hz(1/2) was successfully achieved by suppressing noises and optimizing parameters.
The high-sensitivity three-axis detection of magnetic fields is widely used in various applications.Our study demonstrates an atomic magnetometer detecting vector magnetic field, of which the core components are one glass cell and two elliptically polarized laser beams.The light-intensity noise is suppressed by differential detection technology, so a higher sensitivity is obtained compared with our previous work.The three-axis average sensitivities of the atomic magnetometer simultaneously reached 14 fT/Hz 1/2 along the x axis, 11 fT/Hz 1/2 along the y axis, and 25 fT/Hz 1/2 along the z axis.Furthermore, the atomic magnetometer's dynamic range was further improved to 150 nT, and its bandwidth was increased to over 200 Hz using a closed-loop control system.The proposed three-axis atomic magnetometer with a large dynamic range and a wide bandwidth holds great promise for biomagnetic measurement in a more challenging environment.
Ultrasensitive atomic comagnetometers (ACMs) are invaluable tools for both inertial measurement and fundamental physics research. However, the misalignment between the pump light and the main magnetic field affects the polarization characteristics of nuclear spins of the noble gas atoms, making it a significant source of noise. In this article, an atomic magnetometer response model with the optical-magnetic misalignment error is established, and the mechanism of the influence of optical-magnetic misalignment on nuclear spin polarization is analyzed. An in situ evaluation method and a suppression method of optical-magnetic misalignment error are proposed, and their effectiveness is verified through experiments with varying pump light incidence directions. The experimental results indicate that after optical-magnetic alignment using the proposed method, the spin polarization of the coupled atomic ensemble is enhanced by 20.7%, and the longitudinal relaxation rate of the nuclear spin is reduced by 6.9%. Additionally, the amplitude-frequency response (AFR) of the x-axis magnetic field is reduced by 33.2% at 1 Hz and by 53.1% at frequencies below 0.002 Hz. This indicates an improvement in the transverse magnetic field error suppression capability of the ACMs.