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Frequency Response Analysis in Optical Rotation Detection System of SERF Magnetometer

Bozheng Xing, JIXI LU, Chang Sun, Tingting Yu, Yue Wu, Yanan Gao, Bangcheng Han

Published May 20, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical rotation detection systems are widely used in various kinds of atomic sensors, such as atomic magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes; and appear in many applications such as fundamental physics, biomagnetism, magnetism test, etc. The study analyses the frequency responses to three-axis dynamic magnetic fields in optical rotation detection systems (ORDS) of Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) magnetometers. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarised in ORDS, which can polarise the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic field. Theoretically it analyse the frequency responses to the sinusoidal magnetic field, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called ‘break points’, in the transverse responses. The relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. The paper demonstrated the influence of elliptically polarised light on the sensitivity of ORDS in SERF magnetometers. The elliptically polarised probe light polarises the alkali atom ensemble, which leads to the responses of the magnetic noise in the shield. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz. This method is beneficial for improving probe sensitivity in SERF magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and NMR gyroscopes.

DOI
10.9734/bpi/psniad/v1/5392

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Optical rotation detection systems are widely used in various kinds of atomic sensors, such as atomic magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes; and appear in many applications such as fundamental physics, biomagnetism, magnetism test, etc. The study analyses the frequency responses to three-axis dynamic magnetic fields in optical rotation detection systems (ORDS) of Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF) magnetometers. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarised in ORDS, which can polarise the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic field. Theoretically it analyse the frequency responses to the sinusoidal magnetic field, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called ‘break points’, in the transverse responses. The relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. The paper demonstrated the influence of elliptically polarised light on the sensitivity of ORDS in SERF magnetometers. The elliptically polarised probe light polarises the alkali atom ensemble, which leads to the responses of the magnetic noise in the shield. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz. This method is beneficial for improving probe sensitivity in SERF magnetometers, co-magnetometers, and NMR gyroscopes.
We analyze and suppress the magnetic noise response in optical rotation detection system (ORDS) in atomic magnetometers in this study. Because of the imperfections of the optical elements, the probe light is actually elliptically polarized in ORDS, which can polarize the atom ensemble and cause the responses to the three-axis magnetic noise. We theoretically analyze the frequency responses to the magnetic noise, and prove that the responses are closely associated with the DC magnetic field. The values of the DC magnetic fields are calculated with special frequency points, called 'break points', in the transverse responses. We reveal the relationships between the DC magnetic field and the sensitivities of ORDS, and effectively suppress the magnetic noise responses with the residual magnetic field compensation. Finally, the sensitivity of ORDS is improved by approximately two times at 10-20 Hz.
Abstract In this study, the influence of the nonlinear magneto–optical rotation effect on a spin‐exchange relaxation‐free (SERF) atomic magnetometer is analyzed. The nonlinear effect is described by saturation parameters obtained from the density matrix model considering the Rabi oscillation of the probe light. For better sensitivity, the nonlinear effect is suppressed, and larger output signals are achieved. Based on the nonlinear effect analysis, the relationship between the probe sensitivity and light power density is obtained, and the optimal probe light power density is measured with best probe sensitivity. The best probe sensitivity improves by ≈6 times at the optimal probe light power density compared with that in the conventional linear optical rotation detection. The proposed method can be applied to SERF magnetometers, co‐magnetometers, and atomic spin gyroscopes.
The ultra-sensitive atomic co-magnetometer based on the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime is a valuable tool for inertial measurements and fundamental physics research. However, the optical magnetic misalignment effect is a significant source of error in SERF co-magnetometers, limiting their magnetic field suppression ability and long-term stability. This paper establishes a response model of angular velocity and magnetic field for the SERF co-magnetometer. The impact of optical magnetic misalignment on the scale factor, magnetic field amplitude-frequency response, and angular velocity errors caused by magnetic noise is systematically investigated. The results indicate that the scale factor and magnetic field suppression ability decrease as the optical magnetic misalignment angle increases, while the angular velocity errors caused by magnetic noise increase as the misalignment angle increases. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the optical-magnetic misalignment effect significantly compromises the long-term stability of SERF co-magnetometers, underscoring its substantial influence on the overall performance. This work contributes to understanding the mechanism of optical magnetic misalignment effects on the SERF co-magnetometer and enhances its performance.
Abstract The frequency-response and dynamics of a dual-axis spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer are investigated by means of transfer function analysis. The frequency-response at different bias magnetic fields is tested to demonstrate the effect of the residual magnetic field. The resonance frequency of alkali atoms and magnetic linewidth can be obtained simultaneously through our theoretical model. The coefficient of determination of the fitting results is superior to 0.995 with 95% confidence bounds. Additionally, step responses are applied to analyze the dynamics of the control system and the effect of imperfections. Finally, a noise-limited magnetic field resolution of 15 f T H z − 1 has been achieved for our dual-axis SERF atomic magnetometer through magnetic field optimization.
Quantum manipulation technology and photoelectric detection technology have jointly facilitated the rapid development of ultra-sensitive atomic spin magnetometers. To improve the output signal and sensitivity of the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) atomic spin magnetometer, the noises influencing on the output signal and the sensitivity were analyzed, and the corresponding noise suppression methods were presented. The magnetic field noises, including the residual magnetic field noise and the light shift noise, were reduced to approximately zero by employing the magnetic field compensation method and by adjusting the frequency of the pump beam, respectively. With respect to the operation temperature, the simulation results showed that the temperature of the potassium atomic spin magnetometer realizing the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime was 180 °C. Moreover, the fluctuation noises of the frequency and the power were suppressed by using the frequency and the power stable systems. The experimental power stability results showed that the light intensity stability was enhanced 10%. Contrast experiments on the sensitivity were carried out to demonstrate the validity of the suppression methods. Finally, a sensitivity of 13 fT/Hz(1/2) was successfully achieved by suppressing noises and optimizing parameters.
In this article, we analyze the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency responses of a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer with the nonorthogonal angle between the pump and probe beam. The optical nonorthogonality leads to a change in the photon spin direction of circularly polarized pump light, which decides the polarization direction of the atomic ensemble, causing significant differences in dynamic responses to the magnetic field. We theoretically analyze relationships between dynamic response solutions of the Bloch equation with different pump lights and magnetic field directions based on which the equations are linearized. The equations are solved with the Fourier transform method, and three-axis dynamic responses are obtained under the influences of optical nonorthogonality and residual static magnetic field. In the experiment, we verify the linear superposition characteristics between different response components. According to the results, we propose a novel method to quickly calibrate the nonorthogonal angle, which could reduce the optical nonorthogonal angle by 20 times, reaching 0.54°, and effectively enhance the dynamic magnetic field response signal in atomic magnetometers.