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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Flux-Pumped Josephson Travelling-Wave Parametric Amplifiers Based on Bi-SQUID Cells

Renat A. Yusupov, Lyudmila V. Filippenko, Daniil E. Bazulin, Nikolay V. Kolotinskiy, Michael A. Tarasov, E. Goldobin, V. P. Koshelets, Victor K. Kornev

Published Nov 26, 2021• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have proposed a new design of the Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) capable of providing much higher spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). For this purpose, we substitute dc SQUIDs for bi-SQUIDs in the used artificial signal transmission line driven by external travelling-wave magnetic flux. The increase of SFDR follows from the increased linearity domain of the phase-current relation in bi-SQUID as compared to dc SQUID. Optimal parameters for bi-SQUIDs have been determined. The first version of JTWPA was modeled to be fabricated using niobium process.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2021.3131134

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Abstract Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing the travelling wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, flux driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of the cells.

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Abstract A Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) is indispensable for the high-fidelity readout of superconducting qubits, owing to its broadband gain and near-quantum-limited noise performance. Conventional JTWPAs implemented with 0-Josephson junctions (0-JTWPAs) avoid magnetic-flux bias but rely on Kerr nonlinearity, which leads to pump-power-dependent phase mismatch, gain ripple, and a limited dynamic range. More recently, three-wave-mixing (3WM) JTWPAs employing flux-biased rf-SQUIDs have been proposed to suppress Kerr effects. However, these designs require a significant external flux bias per unit cell, which complicates cryogenic hardware, introduces sensitivity to flux noise, and limits scalability in large arrays. In this study, we propose and analyze a π -junction-based JTWPA ( π -JTWPA) in which the intrinsic π phase shift of the junction effectively displaces the operating point of the current–phase relation. This approach aims to realize 3WM-type nonlinearity with reduced flux bias while preserving broadband amplification, thereby simplifying flux-bias distribution, enhancing robustness against flux noise, and providing a pathway toward scalable, multiplexed quantum readout architectures. In addition, we examine the potential applicability of the π -JTWPA in four-wave-mixing (4WM) operation.

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Experimental study of elements of a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier on SQUID chains.

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The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been devel-oped, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of super-conducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using the IRE niobium technology; the parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined. Keywords: Josephson travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPA), Josephson metamaterials (JMM), Josephson junctions (JJs), cold amplifier, coplanar lines, quantum noise, SIS, SQUIDs.

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Abstract The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb–AlOx–Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been developed, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of superconducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using niobium technology of the Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined.

Physics of the Solid State•Aug 1, 2022•1 citation
We have proposed a new design of the Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) capable of providing much higher spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). For this purpose, we substitute dc SQUIDs for bi-SQUIDs in the used artificial signal transmission line driven by external travelling-wave magnetic flux. The increase of SFDR follows from the increased linearity domain of the phase-current relation in bi-SQUID as compared to dc SQUID. Optimal parameters for bi-SQUIDs have been determined. The first version of JTWPA was modeled to be fabricated using niobium process.
Abstract Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing the travelling wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, flux driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of the cells.
Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite-size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing traveling-wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, the flux-driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of cells.
We have developed a concept of the traveling-wave parametric amplifier driven by external magnetic flux. The circuit consists of a serial array of symmetric dc SQUIDs coupled inductively to a separate superconducting LC-transmission line carrying the pump flux-wave. The adjusted phase velocity of the pump wave ensures efficient three wave mixing with the signal and the idler waves. Due to operation in the linear regime of the SQUIDs the matching condition for corresponding wave vectors can be fulfilled in this circuit with sufficiently high accuracy. This property enables large gain and wide bandwidth, whereas inherently minimal depletion of the pump ensures a large dynamic range. The experimental parameters and characteristics of this amplifier have been evaluated and shown great promise for the application in quantum information circuits.
Abstract A Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) is indispensable for the high-fidelity readout of superconducting qubits, owing to its broadband gain and near-quantum-limited noise performance. Conventional JTWPAs implemented with 0-Josephson junctions (0-JTWPAs) avoid magnetic-flux bias but rely on Kerr nonlinearity, which leads to pump-power-dependent phase mismatch, gain ripple, and a limited dynamic range. More recently, three-wave-mixing (3WM) JTWPAs employing flux-biased rf-SQUIDs have been proposed to suppress Kerr effects. However, these designs require a significant external flux bias per unit cell, which complicates cryogenic hardware, introduces sensitivity to flux noise, and limits scalability in large arrays. In this study, we propose and analyze a π -junction-based JTWPA ( π -JTWPA) in which the intrinsic π phase shift of the junction effectively displaces the operating point of the current–phase relation. This approach aims to realize 3WM-type nonlinearity with reduced flux bias while preserving broadband amplification, thereby simplifying flux-bias distribution, enhancing robustness against flux noise, and providing a pathway toward scalable, multiplexed quantum readout architectures. In addition, we examine the potential applicability of the π -JTWPA in four-wave-mixing (4WM) operation.
The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been devel-oped, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of super-conducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using the IRE niobium technology; the parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined. Keywords: Josephson travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPA), Josephson metamaterials (JMM), Josephson junctions (JJs), cold amplifier, coplanar lines, quantum noise, SIS, SQUIDs.
Abstract The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb–AlOx–Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been developed, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of superconducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using niobium technology of the Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined.