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Applied Sciences

Bi-SQUID Versus dc SQUID in Flux-Driven Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier

Alena N. Nikolaeva, Victor K. Kornev, Nikolay V. Kolotinskiy

Published Jul 15, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite-size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing traveling-wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, the flux-driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of cells.

DOI
10.3390/app13148236

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Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite-size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing traveling-wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, the flux-driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of cells.
Abstract Characteristics of artificial waveguide lines composed of finite size artificial cells are analyzed and discussed with relation to designing the travelling wave parametric amplifiers. From this point of view, flux driven amplifier suggested recently can be considered as the most successful amplifier design. To increase dynamic range of the amplifier, dc SQUID cells of the artificial line in use can be substituted for bi-SQUID cells. The 1 dB compression points of the amplifier gain are calculated and compared for both types of the cells.
We have proposed a new design of the Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) capable of providing much higher spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). For this purpose, we substitute dc SQUIDs for bi-SQUIDs in the used artificial signal transmission line driven by external travelling-wave magnetic flux. The increase of SFDR follows from the increased linearity domain of the phase-current relation in bi-SQUID as compared to dc SQUID. Optimal parameters for bi-SQUIDs have been determined. The first version of JTWPA was modeled to be fabricated using niobium process.
We have developed a concept of the traveling-wave parametric amplifier driven by external magnetic flux. The circuit consists of a serial array of symmetric dc SQUIDs coupled inductively to a separate superconducting LC-transmission line carrying the pump flux-wave. The adjusted phase velocity of the pump wave ensures efficient three wave mixing with the signal and the idler waves. Due to operation in the linear regime of the SQUIDs the matching condition for corresponding wave vectors can be fulfilled in this circuit with sufficiently high accuracy. This property enables large gain and wide bandwidth, whereas inherently minimal depletion of the pump ensures a large dynamic range. The experimental parameters and characteristics of this amplifier have been evaluated and shown great promise for the application in quantum information circuits.
We develop a concept of traveling-wave Josephson parametric amplifier based on a ladder-type superconducting transmission line containing serial array of one-junctions SQUIDs. The circuit operates in a three-wave mixing mode and exploits both quadratic and cubic (Kerr) nonlinearities in the current-phase relation of the SQUIDs controlled by external magnetic flux. These two types of nonlinearities allow efficient three-wave mixing and perfect phase matching, respectively. The transmission line exhibits a power gain with exponential dependence on its length (number of cells NNN) in the widest frequency range, 0≲fs,fi≲fp0 \lesssim f_s, f_i \lesssim f_p0≲fs​,fi​≲fp​, where fsf_sfs​, fif_ifi​ and fpf_pfp​ are the signal, idler and pump frequencies, respectively, obeying relation fs+fi=fpf_s + f_i = f_pfs​+fi​=fp​. Estimation of the amplifier characteristics with typical experimental parameters, number of cells NNN = 700, length of 28 mm and pump frequency of 12.5 GHz yields a flat (-3 dB) gain of about 20 dB in the bandwidth from 3.35 GHz to 9.15 GHz and a saturation power of -90 dBm.
Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) have become an important component of superconducting applications. Simulating these circuits is vital for optimizing their performance, including their gain and stability. Previously, simulating JPAs has been inefficient due to the limits of using SPICE-based simulators that work in the time domain. JPAs are better suited to frequency domain simulations over a broad frequency range and parameter space. We present JPA simulations using the recently released flux-aware Josephson junction (JJ) and inductor models in Keysight Advanced Design Systems (ADS). We simulate two different flux-driven JPAs: one based on an RF SQUID, and another based on a DC SQUID. We efficiently run harmonic balance simulations over a wide range of circuit parameters. We compare the use of RF and DC SQUIDs in these JPAs by analyzing their simulation results. This work provides a foundation for future SQUID-based JPA simulations in Keysight ADS.
We have developed a Josephson parametric amplifier comprising a superconducting coplanar-waveguide resonator terminated by a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). An external field (the pump, ∼20 GHz) modulates the flux threading of the dc SQUID and, therefore, the resonant frequency of the cavity field (the signal, ∼10 GHz), which leads to the parametric signal amplification. We operated the amplifier at different band centers and observed amplification (17 dB at maximum) and deamplification depending on the relative phase between the pump and the signal. The noise temperature is estimated to be less than 0.87 K.