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Physics of the Solid State

Experimental study of elements of a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier on SQUID chains.

Renat A. Yusupov, Lyudmila V. Filippenko, Fominskiy M. Yu., V. P. Koshelets

Published Jan 1, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been devel-oped, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of super-conducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using the IRE niobium technology; the parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined. Keywords: Josephson travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPA), Josephson metamaterials (JMM), Josephson junctions (JJs), cold amplifier, coplanar lines, quantum noise, SIS, SQUIDs.

DOI
10.21883/pss.2022.09.54149.13hh

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The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been devel-oped, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of super-conducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using the IRE niobium technology; the parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined. Keywords: Josephson travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPA), Josephson metamaterials (JMM), Josephson junctions (JJs), cold amplifier, coplanar lines, quantum noise, SIS, SQUIDs.
Abstract The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb–AlOx–Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been developed, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of superconducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using niobium technology of the Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined.
The issues of designing a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) based on a well-established technology of superconducting microcircuits with given and controlled parameters based on high-quality Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions are considered. This technology has been adapted and optimized to obtain structures with the required parameters and circuits with large number of tunnel junctions. To advance the technology, the basic elements of a promising JTWPA have been devel-oped, manufactured and studied. In direct current measurements, a number of super-conducting elements parameters were experimentally determined; these parameters are required for designing a JTWPA chips for microwave measurements. An original design of JTWPA based on a chain of SQUIDs in a coplanar line has been developed for implementation using the IRE niobium technology; the parameters of the main elements of the JTWPA have been determined.
Recent progress in physics has increased the necessity for ultra-low noise amplifiers capable of operating at the quantum limit performance. These amplifiers are essential to enhance astronomical detection, dark-matter search, and qubit readout in quantum computing, among other applications. Superconducting Josephson junction Travelling Wave Parametric Amplifiers (JTWPAs) operated in the microwave range, have demonstrated high gain over several gigahertz (GHz) bandwidth, with quantum-limited noise performance and minimal heat dissipation. These excellent properties make JTWPAs an ideal solution for ultra-low noise amplification. This thesis delves into the design, fabrication and characterisation of JTWPAs operated in the microwave (1-16 GHz) and the W-band (70-115GHz) regimes. A generalised coupled-mode equations (CME) framework describing JTWPAs based on Josephson junctions and DC superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) is introduced. This framework can be combined with electromagnetic (EM) simulation softwares to model the JTWPAs, facilitating their design. It is therefore used to model two microwave JTWPA designs, using parallel plate capacitors (PPCs) and interdigitated capacitors (IDCs). The fabrication and characterisation of both designs are presented, and possible fabrication and design issues are carefully discussed. Despite these issues, we observed broadband gain in the JTWPA with PPCs, achieving > 20 dB gain at several frequency points, and a measured P1dB = −95.8dBm when operated at 17.3 dB. The RF properties of a 500-junction Josephson array are also presented in this manuscript. The device creates a Fabry-Perot cavity, leading to non-travelling wave parametric effects, such as narrow-band gain. We also observed indications of efficient phase-sensitive amplification. The thesis is concluded with the first — to the best of our knowledge — experimental attempt to extend the operational frequency of a JTWPA to the W-band. The novel design, fabrication techniques and characterisation of the W-band JTWPA are discussed in detail in this manuscript, leading to promising results suggesting that JTWPA could operate at high frequencies.
We designed, fabricated, and tested several prototypes of a Josephson Travelling Wave Parametric Amplifier (JTWPA) with aluminum SIS junctions integrated in series array of dc SQUIDs in the central line of coplanar waveguide. Three types of fabrication recipes were tested: two with shadow evaporation and one with magnetron sputtering and direct e-beam lithography. IV curves of SQUIDs were measured at bath temperature of 0.3 K. We developed a cryogenic setup for meas-urements of spectral characteristics of JTWPA comprising cold HEMT amplifier with circulator, cold attenuators and filters in signal and pump coaxial lines. Resonant characteristic of coplanar quarter-wave resonator with directional coupler intended for short JTWPA was measured.
Abstract Prototypes of the design of Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier based on aluminum superconductor–insulator–superconductor junctions in the form of direct-current SQUIDs included in central conductor of coplanar line are developed, fabricated, and investigated. Three manufacturing methods for the fabrication of such devices are tested: two of them using shadow evaporation and one using magnetron sputtering and direct electron-beam lithography. Current–voltage characteristics of the junctions are measured at 0.3 K. A cryogenic setup for the measurement of spectral characteristics of such amplifier containing cold semiconductor amplifier with circulator and cooled attenuators of the channels of input signal and pump is developed. The absorption spectrum of coplanar directional coupler with a quarter-wave resonator dedicated for measurements of short chains from one to 27 SQUIDs is measured.
This study presents recent advancements in Josephson Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifiers (JTWPAs) developed and tested at INRiM within the DARTWARS project framework. Combining Josephson junctions with superconducting coplanar waveguides, JTWPAs offer advanced capabilities for quantum-limited broadband microwave amplification and the emission of non-classical microwave radiation. The work delves into the architecture, optimization, and experimental characterization of a JTWPA with a Resonant Phase-Matching mechanism, highlighting signal gains and idler conversion factors in relation to pump power and signal frequency.