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Design Automation of Single Photon Counting Method for Quantum Random Number Generation

Dwi Novazrianto, Alwan Muhammad Fajar, Aprilia Kusuma Dewi, Muhammad Yusuf, Rini Wisnu Wardhani, Dedy Septono Catur Putranto

Published Aug 3, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

EDU-QCRY1 is one of the quantum key distribution devices in order to generate quantum random bit. In this paper, we conduct a mechanism to produce a key sequence based on single photon counting using EDU-QCRY1 Single Photon Detector module for receiving data which can be acquired using the receiver’s device automation using a Light Dependent Resistor parameter. The design of quantum random generator is using protocol of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) then compared to true table of the BB84 protocol. The average speed of the quantum bit in the automation device is 0.0604 seconds with estimation for 106quantum random bit around 16 hours experiment. Within the random bits, some difference occurs when the sender and receiver have a different basis. This research proves the efficiency of automation bit storage on the EDU-QCRY1 Single Photon Detector for generating a quantum random bit and has the valid result as the experiment in performing key distribution simulations using EDU-QCRY1 devices.

DOI
10.1109/icoict52021.2021.9527529

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EDU-QCRY1 is one of the quantum key distribution devices in order to generate quantum random bit. In this paper, we conduct a mechanism to produce a key sequence based on single photon counting using EDU-QCRY1 Single Photon Detector module for receiving data which can be acquired using the receiver’s device automation using a Light Dependent Resistor parameter. The design of quantum random generator is using protocol of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) then compared to true table of the BB84 protocol. The average speed of the quantum bit in the automation device is 0.0604 seconds with estimation for 106quantum random bit around 16 hours experiment. Within the random bits, some difference occurs when the sender and receiver have a different basis. This research proves the efficiency of automation bit storage on the EDU-QCRY1 Single Photon Detector for generating a quantum random bit and has the valid result as the experiment in performing key distribution simulations using EDU-QCRY1 devices.
A simple protocol which takes advantage of the inherent random times of detections in single photon counting modules is presented for random active basis choices when using entanglement-based protocols for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). It may also be applicable to the BB84 protocol in certain cases. The scheme presented uses the single photon detectors already present on a QKD setup, working on the same rate as the system is capable of detecting, and is, therefore, not limited by the output rates of quantum random number generators. This protocol only requires small hardware modifications making it an attractive solution. We perform a proof-of-principle experiment employing a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process in a χ(2)\chi^{(2)}χ(2) non-linear crystal to demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme, and show that the generated sequence passes randomness tests.
Quantum cryptography learning is now more important as the threats toward secure communication system using quantum computing are increasing. EDU-QCRY is one of the quantum cryptography demonstration devices which implements BB84 protocol. EDU-QCRY is still run manually that make it has limited data processing capacity, large operating time, and low-level accuracy. In this study, automation is done by parallelizing the process of selecting bases and states on the polarization rotator and integrating an Arduino-based controller module using demultiplexing techniques. EDU-QCRYI automation changes the process to be more efficient and effective because the system works automatically by a controller module based on qubit data that is inputted by the sender and the receiver gets qubit data automatically. EDU-QCRYI automation is expected to make demonstration of secure communication using Quantum cryptography more reliable for implementation.
An optical quantum random number generator based on parity of the number of photons detected in the equal time intervals was proposed. Light emitted from a continuous wave laser diode is attenuated into discrete single-photon sequence. The single photon is detected by a single-photon avalanche photodiode module. Random bit is extracted by measuring the parity of number of photons detected in equal time interval. The random bit extraction circuit based on field programmable gate array was developed. The influences of the size of time interval and the performance parameters of single photon module on performance of the designed random number generator were analyzed. In order to achieve a random bit generator with small deviation and fast generation rate, a method of setting time interval automatically according to average counting rate was proposed. A random bit generation rate of 2 Mbit/s was obtained when the designed random number generator works on a counting rate of 20 Mcps and the equal time interval is set as 0.5 μs. The random bit sequences were tested by random number test program ENT and STS. The test results show that the generated random bit sequences fully meet the standards of true random numbers, and do not require post-processin ©, 2015, Chinese Optical Society. All right reserved.
Polarization Automation based on EDU-QCRY 1 is a system designed to facilitate the use of EDU-QCRY 1 devices in simulation of sending Quantum Bit (Qubit). Polarization automation utilizes quantum mechanical properties on the EDU QCRY 1 device, which will produce bits through polarization automation on the EDU-QCRY 1 quantum polarizator device. Polarization rotation will be done automatically and randomly using an ultrasonic piezomotor device that receives random voltage input on the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The random voltage input is based on a random source from the accelerometer sensor. The measurement results of the accelerometer sensor will be processed and converted into voltage as input to perform automatic and random polarization rotations on the EDU QCRY polariator device. Furthermore, the automatic polarization results will produce a series of numbers that run on the principle of anti-cloning and quantum mechanical properties.
In our experiment, two InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APD) were used in the quantum key distribution (QKD) system for single-photon detection at telecom communication wavelength (1310/1550 nm). By using properly designed passive-quenching circuit, the photo-detection efficiency of the APD could reach 10% at 1550 nm. In order to decrease the dark count rate efficiently, we designed a coincident counting circuits for single-photon detection. Before the APD signals were sent to the signal processing circuit, the avalanche signals were amplified and shaped into the TTL pulses. In order to obtain an accurate and efficient data acquisition and to transfer synchronically several signals such as the TTL signals and pulses from Random generators, we designed a signal processing circuit with the parallel port whose speed limitation is about 100Kb/s. In our experiments of single-photon interference and quantum cryptography, the electronic designs presented us satisfactory performance and results. To achieve much higher speed for the data acquisition, we also employed the Universal Serial Bus System (USB2.0) to interface our single-photon avalanche detectors and random generators used in our QKD system, which was believed to improve the performance of QKD such as the key distribution speed.
This paper proposes and demonstrates an optical quantum random number generator based on distribution of single photon pulse amplitude of a photomultiplier tube. The light emitted from ultraviolet LED is attenuated into discrete single photon sequence. After these photons are detected by the photomultiplier tube, the single-photon pulses with random distribution are output. Digital values of peaks of these single-photon pulses are used as the entropy sources of random number generation. In order to reduce the bias of the raw extracted random number, the SHA-256 post processing method based on FPGA is proposed and implemented. When our designed quantum random number generator works at a counting rate of 500 kc/s, 7 random bits can be extracted on average per detected photon, and a random number generation rate of 3.5 Mbit/s is obtained. The random bit sequences are tested by random number test programs ENT and STS. The test results show that the generated random bit sequences fully meet the standards of true random numbers. ©, 2015, Board of Optronics Lasers. All right reserved.