Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Nature Electronics

A cryogenic CMOS chip for generating control signals for multiple qubits

Sebastian Pauka, Kushal Das, Rachpon Kalra, Alireza Moini, Yuanyuan Yang, Matthew Trainer, A. Bousquet, Chris Cantaloube, Neil Dick, G. C. Gardner, Michael J. Manfra, D. J. Reilly

Published Jan 25, 2021• 209 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/s41928-020-00528-y

Related papers

Cryogenic CMOS circuis for control and readout of spin qubits

Salvador Mir

•Jul 5, 2022•0 citations

Control of Transmon Qubits using a Cryogenic CMOS Integrated Circuit

Joseph C. Bardin

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•Mar 2, 2020•0 citations

On-Chip Optical Pulse Modulation for Scalable Superconducting Quantum Computers

Ryosuke Matsuo, H. Shiomi, Jun Shiomi

This poster proposes an on-chip optical pulse modulation system for scalable superconducting quantum computers. Towards the scalable design, qubit control systems need to be located in the cryogenic environment to reduce the number of interconnections across the room temperature and the cryogenic regions. The cryogenic CMOS-based qubit control system is a promising approach, yet it is a bottleneck that exhausts the cooling capacity of the dilution refrigerator. In order to eliminate this bottleneck while providing the ability to control multiple quibits with a minimum necessary number of interconnections, this poster extends the RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) system where optical signals are directly fed from the Room Temperature (RT) region to a PD (PhotoDetector) mounted near the transmon qubit through low-loss and high-speed fibers. Unlike the conventional RoF system, the proposed system employs cryogenic silicon photonics-based modulators in the intermediate part for executing gate operations individually at each transmon qubit with a minimum necessary number of fibers across the RT and the cryogenic regions. Evaluation results show that the proposed system eliminates the power consumption by 79.5% compared with the cryogenic CMOS-based design. The proposed system achieves comparable gate fidelity to the control system generating fully customized RF pulses in the RT environment.

IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)•Aug 30, 2025•0 citations

Cryogenic CMOS Microwave Signal Selector Using Dual-Stage Injection-Locked Oscillator for Frequency-Multiplexed Qubit Control System

Hiroshi Fuketa, Ippei Akita, H. Koike +1 more

Cryogenic CMOS (cryo-CMOS) quantum bit (qubit) control circuits are expected to overcome the interconnect complexity problem in large-scale quantum computers. However, since each qubit has a unique frequency for control, many power-hungry oscillators are needed to generate the frequencies at the cryogenic temperature stage of a refrigerator. In this article, to remove the oscillators from the refrigerator, we propose a cryo-CMOS signal selector (SS) consisting of two injection-locked oscillators that extract the specified frequency tone for qubit control from the multitone microwave signal. SS can reduce the power of signal generation for qubit control by 1/30. In addition, we propose a SS with a frequency-doubling function termed FDSS, based on the SS. FDSS can mitigate the local oscillator (LO)-RF leakage in microwave pulse generation for qubit control using direct conversion (DC). We demonstrate a cryo-CMOS DC-based qubit controller using FDSS. The measurement results show that the power dissipation and LO-RF leakage of the proposed qubit controller are reduced by 80% and 20dB, respectively, compared with conventional cryo-CMOS qubit controllers.

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits•Feb 4, 2026•0 citations

Cryogenic CMOS Control Circuits for Scalable Quantum Computing Architecture

Neeraj kumar, Aijaz Mehdi Zaidi, Balwinder Raj +1 more

Journal of Low Temperature Physics•Oct 30, 2026•0 citations

Cryogenic CMOS: design considerations for future quantum computing systems

R.V. Joshi, Jean‐Olivier Plouchart, George Zettles +11 more

Today’s quantum computing systems rely on commercial electronics operating at room temperature in order to perform control and readout operations for qubits [1] –[6]. The qubits operate at cryogenic temperatures; the signals that support control and readout of qubits therefore traverse multiple temperature stages in a dilution refrigerator to enable interaction with the qubits of a quantum computer. For many of the most advanced quantum computers built to date, the control of each individual qubit demands application of a radiofrequency pulse that is precisely calibrated in frequency, amplitude, and phase. Oubit readout demands the amplification of very low amplitude signals that are then post-processed to categorize the state of the qubit being measured. Oubit control electronics are implemented using arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) of various types. The scalability of such systems is challenged by the need to scale the number of qubit control electronics units linearly with the number of qubits in the system. One approach to mitigating this challenge that is under active exploration is the use of multi-channel AWGs (tailored to the requirements of qubit control) that operate at the 4K stage of a quantum computing system [7] –[10]. Oubit readout electronics are typically implemented using multiple stages of amplification and then DSP-based readout performed at room temperature. In today’s systems, while readout electronics benefits from multiplexing of the readout signals (enabling a single cascade of moderately wideband amplifiers to support the delivery of multiple readout signals to the room-temperature electronics), again, the scalability of this approach is challenged much as is the case with control electronics. One approach to mitigating the readout challenge is the expanded use of cryogenic electronics in the readout chain. Success in the implementation of cryogenic control and readout solutions depends critically on multiple CMOS sub-components; in this paper we focus on SRAM and low noise amplifiers (LNAs). Note that SRAM is critical for both control and readout applications as a mixed-signal solution involving the combination of a custom processor and analog elements is highly desirable in both cases. Further, while the LNA is directly used as an element in the readout chain, a deep assessment of LNA performance and opportunities strongly benefits overall understanding of achievable noise performance in CMOS technologies at cryogenic temperatures and is therefore impoitant in both control and readout contexts.

Custom Integrated Circuits Conference•Apr 1, 2023•6 citations
This poster proposes an on-chip optical pulse modulation system for scalable superconducting quantum computers. Towards the scalable design, qubit control systems need to be located in the cryogenic environment to reduce the number of interconnections across the room temperature and the cryogenic regions. The cryogenic CMOS-based qubit control system is a promising approach, yet it is a bottleneck that exhausts the cooling capacity of the dilution refrigerator. In order to eliminate this bottleneck while providing the ability to control multiple quibits with a minimum necessary number of interconnections, this poster extends the RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) system where optical signals are directly fed from the Room Temperature (RT) region to a PD (PhotoDetector) mounted near the transmon qubit through low-loss and high-speed fibers. Unlike the conventional RoF system, the proposed system employs cryogenic silicon photonics-based modulators in the intermediate part for executing gate operations individually at each transmon qubit with a minimum necessary number of fibers across the RT and the cryogenic regions. Evaluation results show that the proposed system eliminates the power consumption by 79.5% compared with the cryogenic CMOS-based design. The proposed system achieves comparable gate fidelity to the control system generating fully customized RF pulses in the RT environment.
Cryogenic CMOS (cryo-CMOS) quantum bit (qubit) control circuits are expected to overcome the interconnect complexity problem in large-scale quantum computers. However, since each qubit has a unique frequency for control, many power-hungry oscillators are needed to generate the frequencies at the cryogenic temperature stage of a refrigerator. In this article, to remove the oscillators from the refrigerator, we propose a cryo-CMOS signal selector (SS) consisting of two injection-locked oscillators that extract the specified frequency tone for qubit control from the multitone microwave signal. SS can reduce the power of signal generation for qubit control by 1/30. In addition, we propose a SS with a frequency-doubling function termed FDSS, based on the SS. FDSS can mitigate the local oscillator (LO)-RF leakage in microwave pulse generation for qubit control using direct conversion (DC). We demonstrate a cryo-CMOS DC-based qubit controller using FDSS. The measurement results show that the power dissipation and LO-RF leakage of the proposed qubit controller are reduced by 80% and 20dB, respectively, compared with conventional cryo-CMOS qubit controllers.
Today’s quantum computing systems rely on commercial electronics operating at room temperature in order to perform control and readout operations for qubits [1] –[6]. The qubits operate at cryogenic temperatures; the signals that support control and readout of qubits therefore traverse multiple temperature stages in a dilution refrigerator to enable interaction with the qubits of a quantum computer. For many of the most advanced quantum computers built to date, the control of each individual qubit demands application of a radiofrequency pulse that is precisely calibrated in frequency, amplitude, and phase. Oubit readout demands the amplification of very low amplitude signals that are then post-processed to categorize the state of the qubit being measured. Oubit control electronics are implemented using arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) of various types. The scalability of such systems is challenged by the need to scale the number of qubit control electronics units linearly with the number of qubits in the system. One approach to mitigating this challenge that is under active exploration is the use of multi-channel AWGs (tailored to the requirements of qubit control) that operate at the 4K stage of a quantum computing system [7] –[10]. Oubit readout electronics are typically implemented using multiple stages of amplification and then DSP-based readout performed at room temperature. In today’s systems, while readout electronics benefits from multiplexing of the readout signals (enabling a single cascade of moderately wideband amplifiers to support the delivery of multiple readout signals to the room-temperature electronics), again, the scalability of this approach is challenged much as is the case with control electronics. One approach to mitigating the readout challenge is the expanded use of cryogenic electronics in the readout chain. Success in the implementation of cryogenic control and readout solutions depends critically on multiple CMOS sub-components; in this paper we focus on SRAM and low noise amplifiers (LNAs). Note that SRAM is critical for both control and readout applications as a mixed-signal solution involving the combination of a custom processor and analog elements is highly desirable in both cases. Further, while the LNA is directly used as an element in the readout chain, a deep assessment of LNA performance and opportunities strongly benefits overall understanding of achievable noise performance in CMOS technologies at cryogenic temperatures and is therefore impoitant in both control and readout contexts.