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SPIE Conference on Quantum and Nonlinear Optics

High-speed implementation of privacy amplification for continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Yujie Luo, Yang Li, Jie Yang, Li Ma, Wei Huang, Bingjie Xu

Published Oct 9, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Privacy amplification (PA) is an essential process for high-speed and real-time implementation of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system. This work focuses on the improvement of the performance of PA, and we realize PA with Toeplitz matrix and accelerate it using fast Fourier transform (FFT) on graphic processing unit (GPU). Based on the architectural feature of FFT, we adjust its form of input length and obtained an average speed of PA about 2Gbps with input length ranges from 1Mbits to 128Mbits, which is length-adaptable to satisfy various requirements of CV-QKD systems at different transmission distances. Furthermore, we test this work with different compress ratios of PA, which can also achieve a high implementation speed around 2Gbps. With the method used in this paper, the requirements of PA for the high-speed and real-time CV-QKD system can be entirely satisfied.

DOI
10.1117/12.2574969

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網際網路技術學刊•Mar 1, 2016•9 citations
Privacy amplification (PA) is an essential process for high-speed and real-time implementation of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system. This work focuses on the improvement of the performance of PA, and we realize PA with Toeplitz matrix and accelerate it using fast Fourier transform (FFT) on graphic processing unit (GPU). Based on the architectural feature of FFT, we adjust its form of input length and obtained an average speed of PA about 2Gbps with input length ranges from 1Mbits to 128Mbits, which is length-adaptable to satisfy various requirements of CV-QKD systems at different transmission distances. Furthermore, we test this work with different compress ratios of PA, which can also achieve a high implementation speed around 2Gbps. With the method used in this paper, the requirements of PA for the high-speed and real-time CV-QKD system can be entirely satisfied.
For a high-speed and secure continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system, privacy amplification (PA) plays an important role. To reduce the finite size effect, the input length of PA should be at least on the order of 10^8, 10^9, 10^10 when the transmission distance is about 50km, 80km, 100km, respectively. This leads to high computation complexity and large storage demand of the data, which is unfriendly to field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation for its limited resource. In addition, the limited IO speed of Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (DDR SDRAM) restricts the implementation performance of PA. In this paper, we propose an effective way to access data based on DDR to improve the performance of PA. As a result, the reading time from DDR can be reduced, and it can eliminate the effect of the limited IO speed of DDR, so that PA can perform with multiple code-words. This can make full use of the resource of FPGA and increase the execution speed of PA. Besides, combining with the proposed method, an easier algorithm is used to decrease the complexity of calculations. Based on these methods, we realize PA with Toeplitz matrix based on FPGA and the experimental throughput is about 288Mbps when the input length is about 100Mbits.
Privacy amplification is an indispensable step in postprocessing of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), which is used to distill unconditional secure keys from identical corrected keys between two distant legal parties. The processing speed of privacy amplification has a significant effect on the secret key rate of a CV-QKD system. We report the high-speed parallel implementation of the length-compatible privacy amplification algorithm based on a graphic processing unit. The length-compatible algorithm is used to satisfy the security requirements of privacy amplification at different transmission distances when considering finite-size effect. We achieve the speed of privacy amplification over 1 Gb/s at arbitrary input length and the speed is one to two orders of magnitude faster than previous demonstrations, which supports the high-speed real-time CV-QKD system and ensures the security of privacy amplification.
Privacy amplification (PA) is a vital procedure in quantum key distribution (QKD) to shrink the eavesdropper's information about the final key almost to zero. With the increase of repeat frequency of discrete variable QKD (DV-QKD) system, PA processing speed has become the bottleneck in many high-speed DV-QKD systems. In this paper, a high-speed adaptive field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based PA scheme using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is presented. To decrease the computation complexity, a modified 2-D FFT-based Toeplitz PA scheme is designed. To increase the processing speed of the scheme on the constraint of limited resources, a real-value oriented FFT acceleration method and a fast read/write balanced matrix transposition method are designed and implemented in our scheme. The experimental results on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA demonstrate that the throughput is nearly double of the latest FPGA based Toeplitz PA scheme according to the literature. Besides, this scheme owns not only the good adaptivity to compression ratio but also the compression ratio independent resource consumption. Therefore, this scheme can fit many high-speed QKD applications.
Privacy amplification (PA) is a vital procedure in quantum key distribution (QKD) to generate the secret key that the eavesdropper has only negligible information from the identical correcting key for the communicating parties. With the increase of repeat frequency of discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) system, the processing speed of PA has become the bottle neck restricting DV-QKD's secure key rate. The PA using Toeplitz-based Hash function is adopted widely because of its simplicity and parallel feature. Because this algorithm can be accelerated with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), an improved scheme PA for Field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based on this is proposed. This paper improves the custom FFT-based algorithm by reducing the number of computations and read/write memory operations significantly. The correctness is verified when implemented in a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA. Meanwhile, the processing speed of improved scheme can nearly double the classical Toeplitz Hashing scheme on FPGA through the actual experiment.
State-of-art quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are performed with several GHz pulse rates, meanwhile privacy amplification (PA) with large scale inputs has to be performed to generate the final secure keys with quantified security. In this paper, we propose a fast Fourier transform (FFT) enhanced high-speed and large-scale (HiLS) PA scheme on commercial CPU platform without increasing dedicated computational devices. The long input weak secure key is divided into many blocks and the random seed for constructing Toeplitz matrix is shuffled to multiple sub-sequences respectively, then PA procedures are parallel implemented for all sub-key blocks with correlated sub-sequences, afterwards, the outcomes are merged as the final secure key. When the input scale is 128 Mb, our proposed HiLS PA scheme reaches 71.16 Mbps, 54.08 Mbps and 39.15 Mbps with the compression ratio equals to 0.125, 0.25 and 0.375 respectively, resulting achievable secure key generation rates close to the asymptotic limit. HiLS PA scheme can be applied to 10 GHz QKD systems with even larger input scales and the evaluated throughput is around 32.49 Mbps with the compression ratio equals to 0.125 and the input scale of 1 Gb, which is ten times larger than the previous works for QKD systems. Furthermore, with the limited computational resources, the achieved throughput of HiLS PA scheme is 0.44 Mbps with the compression ratio equals to 0.125, when the input scale equals up to 128 Gb. In theory, the PA of the randomness extraction in quantum random number generation (QRNG) is same as the PA procedure in QKD, and our work can also be efficiently performed in high-speed QRNG.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology, based on basic principles of quantum mechanics, can generate unconditional security keys for communication parties. Privacy amplification, which ensures the security of generated keys, is the most significant procedure of QKD systems. Focusing on meeting the real-time and highperformance requirements of GHz high-speed QKD systems, we proposed a novel Fixed Scale FFT based Privacy Amplification (FiT-PA) algorithm and implemented on MIC platform efficiently. The experimental results show the efficiency of FiT-PA algorithm. The throughput of FiTPA algorithm reaches to 60.443 Mbps with the raw key length of 12.8 M. FiT-PA algorithm can satisfy the real-time performance demands of GHz high-speed QKD systems.