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Quantum Electronics

Study of saturated-absorption resonances on the 3P0, 1, 2 – 3D1, 2, 3 transitions of magnesium atoms in a hollow-cathode discharge cell

Andrei Goncharov, O.A. Klimacheva, A.O. Mel’nikova

Published Jun 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The saturated-absorption resonances on the 3P0, 1, 2 – 3D1, 2, 3 transitions of magnesium atoms in a hollow-cathode discharge cell are studied. The line width (FWHM) for the observed saturated-absorption resonance on the 33P0 → 33D1 transition turns out to be ∼220 MHz. Experiments are performed using a system based on a 766-nm diode laser with amplification and frequency doubling in a nonlinear BiBO crystal. The results obtained are of interest for sub-Doppler cooling on the 33P2 → 33D3 transition.

DOI
10.1070/qel17365

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Abstract The saturated-absorption resonances on the 3P0, 1, 2 – 3D1, 2, 3 transitions of magnesium atoms in a hollow-cathode discharge cell are studied. The line width (FWHM) for the observed saturated-absorption resonance on the 33P0 → 33D1 transition turns out to be ∼220 MHz. Experiments are performed using a system based on a 766-nm diode laser with amplification and frequency doubling in a nonlinear BiBO crystal. The results obtained are of interest for sub-Doppler cooling on the 33P2 → 33D3 transition.
We report Doppler-free spectroscopy of neutral europium carried out using the saturation absorption technique. In the present experiment, Eu/Ne hollow cathode discharge is used as an atomic vapor source of europium. The Eu transition 4f76s2(S87/2°)→4f76s6p(P89/2) at 601.815 nm and 4f75d6s(aD1013/2°)→4f75d6p(zD811/2) at 580.027 nm are investigated. The frequency separation between the adjacent hyperfine transitions as well as hyperfine structure (HFS) constants are calculated from the obtained experimental spectra. The HFS constant obtained for the state 4f76s6p(P89/2) are A151=664.8 MHz; B151=293.5 MHz, and for state 4f75d6p(zD811/2), the values are A151=7.6 MHz; B151=−60 MHz. These obtained values are in good agreement with the results reported in the literature using laser induced atomic beam fluorescence technique.
We present the theoretical analysis of sub-Doppler laser cooling of 24Mg atoms using dipole transition 33P2→33D3 under two counterpropagating light waves with opposite circular polarizations (one-dimensional σ+σ– configuration). For numerical calculations the standard semi-classical approach based on the Fokker–Planck equation for linear momentum distribution of atoms is exploited. The distributions are gained beyond the limits of slow atoms approximation and for an arbitrary light field intensity. The absence of these limits allows us to determine the optimal parameters of the light field to maximize a fraction of ultracold atoms (T ~ 10 μK) in a whole atomic cloud. In particular, under certain conditions the fraction can reach a value of 50%. Solution of the existing problems in deep laser cooling of magnesium atoms has obvious prospects for atomic optics and quantum metrology: for instance, in designing new-generation optical frequency and time standards based on cold atoms in optical lattices.
We have studied theoretically nontrivial specific features of sub-Doppler resonances of saturated absorption in a multilayer gas cell with a rarefied gas medium, which is a compact analog of a large number of plane-parallel atomic beams. Spatially separated saturating and probing monochromatic laser beams that co- and counterpropagate (at the same frequency) in this cell have been considered. In this situation, the action of the light radiation of the saturating beam on the probing beam is determined by optically pumped atoms that fly between the beams under conditions that the longitudinal components of their velocities experience selection due to a specific geometry of the multilayer cell. Such a selection leads to a narrowing of the sub-Doppler resonance in the absorption of the probing beam and decreases the difference between the structures of this resonance for the cases of co- and counterpropagation of the saturating radiation. We have found that, in the considered multilayer cell, the effective width of the sub-Doppler resonance can be smaller (by a factor of about 1.5) than the extremely narrow characteristic width of the well-known Lamb dip in spectroscopy of saturated absorption in the standard gas cell. Results of this study can be used in atomic spectroscopy of ultrahigh resolution and for the laser-frequency stabilization.
We stabilize an ultraviolet diode laser system at 369.5 nm to the optical absorption signal from Yb+ ions in a hollow-cathode discharge lamp. The error signal for stabilization is obtained by Zeeman spectroscopy of the 3 GHz wide absorption feature. The frequency stability is independently measured by comparison to the fluorescence signal from a laser-cooled crystal of Y174b+ ions in a linear Paul trap. We measure a frequency fluctuation of 1.7 MHz over 1000 s and a frequency drift of 20 MHz over 7 days. Our method is suitable for use in quantum information processing experiments with trapped ion crystals.
A new type of compact magnesium cell with room-temperature walls have been developed for high resolution spectroscopy on the Mg 1S0-3P1 intercombination line. Saturation resonances with a FWHM of 1.3.MHz have been detected in this cell in the fluorescence signal. The time selection method was applied to eliminate the background signal caused by the scattering of laser beams on cell windows. The signal-to-background ratio drastically increased by the spatial localization of excited atoms owing to collisions with atoms of a low-pressure inert gas.
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