Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Sistemas no lineales de cifrado y autenticación de imágenes basados en el correlador óptico de transformadas conjuntas (jtc)

Juan Manuel Vilardy Ortiz

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Opticalinformation processing systems have shown great potential for security applications. Optical encryption and authentication techniques use the parallel processing capabilities, high computing speed and also, the wide range of controllable physical parameters provided by the optical processing systems. All these features permit to obtain highly secure systems. The research here contained focuses on the design and development of opto-digital security systems based on the architecture of the joint transform correlator (JTC). The security systems presented in this thesis correspond to encryption and authentication systems. The proposed encryption systems are simple and nonlinear opto-digital systems with a twofold purpose: first, an improved quality of decrypted images in comparison with other encryption systems of similar technology, and second, a high degree of security due to the use of several keys and an improved resistance against various security attacks. All these features are achieved for all the designed encryption systems based on a JTC in the Fourier, Fresnel and fractional Fourier optical processing domains, respectively. In this work, an experimental validation of the most basic aspects of the proposed encryption system is also included. Finally, we present the integration of the photon-counting technique with the nonlinear encryption system based on a JTC in order to authenticate and verify a primary image (for instance, an image of a fingerprint) and a random phase code, respectively, in a secure and simultaneous manner. The integration of the photon-counting technique in the information processing system increases the security of the encryption system and also, makes the authentication system more robust against unauthorized attacks.

Related papers

Image quality and security through nonlinear joint transform encryption

Juan M. Vilardy, Elisabet Pérez–Cabré, María Sagrario Millán

Joint-transform correlator (JTC) architecture presents some advantages, such as no requirement of interferometric recording of the phase distribution or complex conjugation of the key phase mask, in order to optically implement the well-known double random phase encryption (DRPE) method. In addition, a practical optical realization was proposed in a way that the whole information (primary image and two random phase masks) was easily introduced in the same input plane of the JTC system. However, poor image quality was obtained in the decryption stage. Cryptanalysis of JTC-based encryption systems demonstrated that they were vulnerable to certain intruder attacks, similarly to the original DRPE method. In this work, we review recent modifications of encryption algorithms based on JTC architecture that permit, on the one hand, to significantly increase the quality of the retrieved image after information decryption, and on the other hand, to achieve a high security level against a variety of system attacks. The modifications, which were firstly introduced in the Fourier-based JTC system, have been also adapted to be used in the Fresnel and Fractional Fourier domains as well as in the Gyrator domain. Nonlinear operations have been also introduced in multifactor encryption-authentication.

Workshop on Information Optics•Jul 1, 2016•1 citation

Images encryption system based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering

Juan M. Vilardy

A new optical security system for image encryption based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering is proposed.The position of the lens in the proposed optical encryption setup can be chosen, so that an additional key is introduced in the security system.The distributions at the input and output planes of the encryption system are related by a fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) at a given fractional order that is defined, among other parameters, by the focal length and the position of the lens in the setup; this fractional order acts as an additional key of the security system.The optical intensity of the complex distribution in the fractional Fourier domain (output plane) is captured by a CCD camera.The nonlinearity introduced in the last step of the encryption process, maintains the encrypted function as a real-valued function.The security system proposed in this work is an generalization of the encryption system based on a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC), from the Fourier domain to the fractional Fourier domain.Additional advantages of the proposed system are: new degrees of freedom for the optical setup, alleviated alignment requirement, and the introduction of an additional key (the fractional order of the FrFT) that improves security.Numerical simulations verify the validity of this new optical security system.

Optica Pura y Aplicada•Jan 1, 2014•14 citations

Photon counting imaging and phase mask multiplexing for multiple images authentication and digital hologram security

Sudheesh K. Rajput, Dhirendra Kumar, Naveen Kumar Nishchal

We propose an image encryption system based on phase mask multiplexing and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique for multiple image authentications and digital hologram security. Multiple images to be authenticated are converted into phase-only images using a phase-retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier transform domain. The multiple phase-only images are multiplexed into a single phase-only mask and it is further encrypted into a complex-valued function. The photon-limited image is generated by applying the PCI technique to a complex-valued function. For decryption, the photon-limited decrypted images are obtained after applying the appropriate keys. The photon-limited decrypted image contains sufficient information for verification because this image has sparse representation. To verify the photon-limited decrypted image, the optical correlation filters can be used. The proposed system has also been used for hologram security. For hologram security, the system provides multiple layers of security by hiding multiple encrypted images. The computer simulation results have been presented. The authentication scheme has been tested for securing three-dimensional information through experimentally recorded Fresnel digital hologram.

Applied Optics•Feb 20, 2015•52 citations

Protección de datos usando un sistema experimental de encriptación de correlador de transformada conjunta

Roberto Torroba, John Fredy Barrera

In this contribution the implementation of an experimental data protection system based on optical processing is presented, and the reliability of the recovered information when there is data loss during transmission is analyzed. The information is encrypted using an optical joint transform correlation architecture together with a double phase mask encoding technique. An authorized user recovers the original information when accessing the encoded data and the security key; if an intruder intersects the encoded image but does not possess the security key there is no possibility to access to the information contained in the encrypted image. The theoretical description and the experimental results show the ability the security systems exhibits to protect and recover the information by optical means, including the tolerance to data loss during transmission. © 2015. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.Alfalou, A., Brosseau, C.2009. Optical image compression andOptical image compression and encryption methods. Adv.Opt. Photon1:589-636.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006a. Multiplexing encryption-decryption via lateralshifting of a random phase mask. Opt. Commun.259:532-536.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006b. Multiplexing encrypted data by using polarizedlight. Opt. Commun.260:109-112.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006c.Multiple image encryption using an aperture-modulated optical system. Opt. Commun.261:29-33.Barrera, J.F., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini, N.2009.Multiplexing encryption technique by combining randomamplitude and phase masks.Optik120:351-355.Barrera, J.F., Rueda, E., Ríos, C., Tebaldi, M., Bolognini, N.,Torroba, R.2011.Experimental opto-digital synthesis ofencrypted sub-samples of an image to improve its decodedquality.Opt. Commun.284:4350-4355.Barrera, J.F., Torroba, R.2010. One step multiplexing opticalencryption. Opt. Commun.283:1268-1272.Barrera, J.F., Vargas, C., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2010.Known-plaintext attack on a joint transformcorrelator encrypting system. Opt. Lett.35:3553-3555.Bellare, M., Desai, A., Pointcheval, D., Rogaway, P.1998. Rela-tions Among Notions Security for Public-Key EncryptionSchemes.Lecture Notes in Computer1492:26-46.Carnicer, A., Montes-Usategui, M., Arcos, S., Juvells, I.2005.Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of opticalencryption schemes based on double random phase keys.Opt. Lett.30:1644-1646.Camp-Winget, N., Housley, R., Wagner, D., Walker, J.2003.Security flaws data links protocols.Communications of theACM46:35-39.Graydon, O.2013. Cryptography: Quick response codes, NaturePhotonics7:343.Javidi, B., Zhang, G., Li, J.1996. Experimental demonstration ofthe random phase encoding technique for image encryptionand security verification. Opt. Eng.35:2506-2512.Javidi, B., Esmail, A., Zhang, G.(Abril 3, 2012). Opticalsecurity system using Fourier plane encoding. U.S. patent8,150,033 B2.Matoba, O., Javidi, B.1999. Encrypted optical memory systemusing three-dimensional keys in the Fresnel domain. Opt.Lett.24:762-764.Nomura, T., Javidi B.2000.Optical encryption using a jointtransform correlator architecture.Opt. Eng.39:2031-2035.Nomura, T., Pérez-Cabré, E., Millán, M.S., Javidi, B.2009.Optical Techniques for Information Security. Proc. IEEE97:1128-1148.Pile, D.2010.Optical encryption: The ghost holds a secret.NaturePhotonics4:587.Refregier, P., Javidi, B.1995. Optical image encryption based oninput plane and Fourier plane random encoding. Opt. Lett.20:767-769.Shannon, C.1949. Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.Bell Systems Technical Journal28:656-715.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2004. Double random-phase encoding in theFresnel domain. Opt. Lett.29:1584-1586.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2005. Multiple-image encryption by wavelengthmultiplexing. Opt. Lett.30:1306-1308.Unnikrishnan, G., Joseph, J., Singh K.1998. Optical encryptionsystem that uses phase conjugation in a photorefractivecrystal.Appl. Opt.31:8181-8186.Unnikrishnan, G.; Joseph, J.; Singh, K.2000. Optical encryptionby double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourierdomain. Opt. Lett.25:887-889.Wang, X., Zhao, D.2012.Double images encryption methodwith resistance against the specific attack based on anasymmetric algorithm.Opt. Express20:11994-12003.

Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales•Nov 16, 2015•1 citation

Three-dimensional joint transform correlator cryptosystem

Alejandro Velez-Zea, John Fredy Barrera, Roberto Torroba

We introduce for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a three-dimensional experimental joint transform correlator (JTC) cryptosystem allowing the encryption of information for any 3D object, and as an additional novel feature, a second 3D object plays the role of the encoding key. While the JTC architecture is normally used to process 2D data, in this work, we envisage a technique that allows the use of this architecture to protect 3D data. The encrypted object information is contained in the joint power spectrum. We register the key object as a digital off-axis Fourier hologram. The encryption procedure is done optically, while the decryption is carried out by means of a virtual optical system, allowing for flexible implementation of the proposal. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the method.

Optics Letters•Jan 28, 2016•37 citations

Optical Security using the Double-Random-Phase Encryption with Photon-Counting

Adam S. Markman

We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.

•Jan 1, 2014•1 citation
Opticalinformation processing systems have shown great potential for security applications. Optical encryption and authentication techniques use the parallel processing capabilities, high computing speed and also, the wide range of controllable physical parameters provided by the optical processing systems. All these features permit to obtain highly secure systems. The research here contained focuses on the design and development of opto-digital security systems based on the architecture of the joint transform correlator (JTC). The security systems presented in this thesis correspond to encryption and authentication systems. The proposed encryption systems are simple and nonlinear opto-digital systems with a twofold purpose: first, an improved quality of decrypted images in comparison with other encryption systems of similar technology, and second, a high degree of security due to the use of several keys and an improved resistance against various security attacks. All these features are achieved for all the designed encryption systems based on a JTC in the Fourier, Fresnel and fractional Fourier optical processing domains, respectively. In this work, an experimental validation of the most basic aspects of the proposed encryption system is also included. Finally, we present the integration of the photon-counting technique with the nonlinear encryption system based on a JTC in order to authenticate and verify a primary image (for instance, an image of a fingerprint) and a random phase code, respectively, in a secure and simultaneous manner. The integration of the photon-counting technique in the information processing system increases the security of the encryption system and also, makes the authentication system more robust against unauthorized attacks.
Joint-transform correlator (JTC) architecture presents some advantages, such as no requirement of interferometric recording of the phase distribution or complex conjugation of the key phase mask, in order to optically implement the well-known double random phase encryption (DRPE) method. In addition, a practical optical realization was proposed in a way that the whole information (primary image and two random phase masks) was easily introduced in the same input plane of the JTC system. However, poor image quality was obtained in the decryption stage. Cryptanalysis of JTC-based encryption systems demonstrated that they were vulnerable to certain intruder attacks, similarly to the original DRPE method. In this work, we review recent modifications of encryption algorithms based on JTC architecture that permit, on the one hand, to significantly increase the quality of the retrieved image after information decryption, and on the other hand, to achieve a high security level against a variety of system attacks. The modifications, which were firstly introduced in the Fourier-based JTC system, have been also adapted to be used in the Fresnel and Fractional Fourier domains as well as in the Gyrator domain. Nonlinear operations have been also introduced in multifactor encryption-authentication.
A new optical security system for image encryption based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering is proposed.The position of the lens in the proposed optical encryption setup can be chosen, so that an additional key is introduced in the security system.The distributions at the input and output planes of the encryption system are related by a fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) at a given fractional order that is defined, among other parameters, by the focal length and the position of the lens in the setup; this fractional order acts as an additional key of the security system.The optical intensity of the complex distribution in the fractional Fourier domain (output plane) is captured by a CCD camera.The nonlinearity introduced in the last step of the encryption process, maintains the encrypted function as a real-valued function.The security system proposed in this work is an generalization of the encryption system based on a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC), from the Fourier domain to the fractional Fourier domain.Additional advantages of the proposed system are: new degrees of freedom for the optical setup, alleviated alignment requirement, and the introduction of an additional key (the fractional order of the FrFT) that improves security.Numerical simulations verify the validity of this new optical security system.
We propose an image encryption system based on phase mask multiplexing and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique for multiple image authentications and digital hologram security. Multiple images to be authenticated are converted into phase-only images using a phase-retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier transform domain. The multiple phase-only images are multiplexed into a single phase-only mask and it is further encrypted into a complex-valued function. The photon-limited image is generated by applying the PCI technique to a complex-valued function. For decryption, the photon-limited decrypted images are obtained after applying the appropriate keys. The photon-limited decrypted image contains sufficient information for verification because this image has sparse representation. To verify the photon-limited decrypted image, the optical correlation filters can be used. The proposed system has also been used for hologram security. For hologram security, the system provides multiple layers of security by hiding multiple encrypted images. The computer simulation results have been presented. The authentication scheme has been tested for securing three-dimensional information through experimentally recorded Fresnel digital hologram.
In this contribution the implementation of an experimental data protection system based on optical processing is presented, and the reliability of the recovered information when there is data loss during transmission is analyzed. The information is encrypted using an optical joint transform correlation architecture together with a double phase mask encoding technique. An authorized user recovers the original information when accessing the encoded data and the security key; if an intruder intersects the encoded image but does not possess the security key there is no possibility to access to the information contained in the encrypted image. The theoretical description and the experimental results show the ability the security systems exhibits to protect and recover the information by optical means, including the tolerance to data loss during transmission. © 2015. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.Alfalou, A., Brosseau, C.2009. Optical image compression andOptical image compression and encryption methods. Adv.Opt. Photon1:589-636.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006a. Multiplexing encryption-decryption via lateralshifting of a random phase mask. Opt. Commun.259:532-536.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006b. Multiplexing encrypted data by using polarizedlight. Opt. Commun.260:109-112.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006c.Multiple image encryption using an aperture-modulated optical system. Opt. Commun.261:29-33.Barrera, J.F., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini, N.2009.Multiplexing encryption technique by combining randomamplitude and phase masks.Optik120:351-355.Barrera, J.F., Rueda, E., Ríos, C., Tebaldi, M., Bolognini, N.,Torroba, R.2011.Experimental opto-digital synthesis ofencrypted sub-samples of an image to improve its decodedquality.Opt. Commun.284:4350-4355.Barrera, J.F., Torroba, R.2010. One step multiplexing opticalencryption. Opt. Commun.283:1268-1272.Barrera, J.F., Vargas, C., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2010.Known-plaintext attack on a joint transformcorrelator encrypting system. Opt. Lett.35:3553-3555.Bellare, M., Desai, A., Pointcheval, D., Rogaway, P.1998. Rela-tions Among Notions Security for Public-Key EncryptionSchemes.Lecture Notes in Computer1492:26-46.Carnicer, A., Montes-Usategui, M., Arcos, S., Juvells, I.2005.Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of opticalencryption schemes based on double random phase keys.Opt. Lett.30:1644-1646.Camp-Winget, N., Housley, R., Wagner, D., Walker, J.2003.Security flaws data links protocols.Communications of theACM46:35-39.Graydon, O.2013. Cryptography: Quick response codes, NaturePhotonics7:343.Javidi, B., Zhang, G., Li, J.1996. Experimental demonstration ofthe random phase encoding technique for image encryptionand security verification. Opt. Eng.35:2506-2512.Javidi, B., Esmail, A., Zhang, G.(Abril 3, 2012). Opticalsecurity system using Fourier plane encoding. U.S. patent8,150,033 B2.Matoba, O., Javidi, B.1999. Encrypted optical memory systemusing three-dimensional keys in the Fresnel domain. Opt.Lett.24:762-764.Nomura, T., Javidi B.2000.Optical encryption using a jointtransform correlator architecture.Opt. Eng.39:2031-2035.Nomura, T., Pérez-Cabré, E., Millán, M.S., Javidi, B.2009.Optical Techniques for Information Security. Proc. IEEE97:1128-1148.Pile, D.2010.Optical encryption: The ghost holds a secret.NaturePhotonics4:587.Refregier, P., Javidi, B.1995. Optical image encryption based oninput plane and Fourier plane random encoding. Opt. Lett.20:767-769.Shannon, C.1949. Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.Bell Systems Technical Journal28:656-715.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2004. Double random-phase encoding in theFresnel domain. Opt. Lett.29:1584-1586.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2005. Multiple-image encryption by wavelengthmultiplexing. Opt. Lett.30:1306-1308.Unnikrishnan, G., Joseph, J., Singh K.1998. Optical encryptionsystem that uses phase conjugation in a photorefractivecrystal.Appl. Opt.31:8181-8186.Unnikrishnan, G.; Joseph, J.; Singh, K.2000. Optical encryptionby double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourierdomain. Opt. Lett.25:887-889.Wang, X., Zhao, D.2012.Double images encryption methodwith resistance against the specific attack based on anasymmetric algorithm.Opt. Express20:11994-12003.
We introduce for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a three-dimensional experimental joint transform correlator (JTC) cryptosystem allowing the encryption of information for any 3D object, and as an additional novel feature, a second 3D object plays the role of the encoding key. While the JTC architecture is normally used to process 2D data, in this work, we envisage a technique that allows the use of this architecture to protect 3D data. The encrypted object information is contained in the joint power spectrum. We register the key object as a digital off-axis Fourier hologram. The encryption procedure is done optically, while the decryption is carried out by means of a virtual optical system, allowing for flexible implementation of the proposal. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the method.
We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.