Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Applied Optics

Photon counting imaging and phase mask multiplexing for multiple images authentication and digital hologram security

Sudheesh K. Rajput, Dhirendra Kumar, Naveen Kumar Nishchal

Published Feb 20, 2015• 52 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose an image encryption system based on phase mask multiplexing and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique for multiple image authentications and digital hologram security. Multiple images to be authenticated are converted into phase-only images using a phase-retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier transform domain. The multiple phase-only images are multiplexed into a single phase-only mask and it is further encrypted into a complex-valued function. The photon-limited image is generated by applying the PCI technique to a complex-valued function. For decryption, the photon-limited decrypted images are obtained after applying the appropriate keys. The photon-limited decrypted image contains sufficient information for verification because this image has sparse representation. To verify the photon-limited decrypted image, the optical correlation filters can be used. The proposed system has also been used for hologram security. For hologram security, the system provides multiple layers of security by hiding multiple encrypted images. The computer simulation results have been presented. The authentication scheme has been tested for securing three-dimensional information through experimentally recorded Fresnel digital hologram.

DOI
10.1364/ao.54.001657

Related papers

Optical multiple-image authentication based on cascaded phase filtering structure

Qu Wang, Ayman Alfalou, Christian Brosseau

In this study, we report on the recent developments of optical image authentication algorithms. Compared with conventional optical encryption, optical image authentication achieves more security strength because such methods do not need to recover information of plaintext totally during the decryption period. Several recently proposed authentication systems are briefly introduced. We also propose a novel multiple-image authentication system, where multiple original images are encoded into a photon-limited encoded image by using a triple-plane based phase retrieval algorithm and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique. One can only recover a noise-like image using correct keys. To check authority of multiple images, a nonlinear fractional correlation is employed to recognize the original information hidden in the decrypted results. The proposal can be implemented optically using a cascaded phase filtering configuration. Computer simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of this proposal and its effectiveness.

Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism, Crime Fighting, and Defence•Oct 24, 2016•2 citations

Photon-counting double-random-phase encoding for secure image verification and retrieval

Elisabet Pérez–Cabré, Héctor C. Abril, María Sagrario Millán +1 more

The integration of photon-counting imaging techniques and optical encryption systems can improve information authentication robustness against intruder attacks.Photon-counting imaging generates distributions with far fewer photons than conventional imaging, and provides substantial bandwidth reduction by generating a sparse encrypted data.We show that photon-limited encrypted distributions have sufficient information for successful decryption, authentication and signal retrieval.Additional compression of the encrypted distribution is applied by limiting the number of phase values used to reproduce the phase information of the complex-valued encrypted data.The validity of this technique -with and without phase compression -is probed through simulated experiments for two types of input images: alphanumerical signs and dithered natural scenes.

Journal of Optics•Jul 11, 2012•93 citations

Optical Encryption and Authentication Based on Phase Retrieval and Sparsity Constraints

Xiaogang Wang, Wen Chen, Xudong Chen

Complex holographic schemes are usually required to obtain complex-valued encrypted images that are used for verification in previously proposed authentication approaches based on photon-counting imaging and double-random-phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose an optical information encryption and authentication system by integrating the classical optical DRPE with a modified iterative phase retrieval algorithm using 2-D median filtering. Only the intensity of the encrypted data needs to be recorded during the optical encryption process, and a private phase distribution is generated by combining iterative phase retrieval and 2-D median filtering. Sparse representation for the phase distribution, but not for a complex-amplitude distribution, is used for decryption and verification. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

IEEE photonics journal•Mar 13, 2015•41 citations

Optical Security using the Double-Random-Phase Encryption with Photon-Counting

Adam S. Markman

We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.

•Jan 1, 2014•1 citation

Double-random-phase encryption with photon counting for image authentication using only the amplitude of the encrypted image

Yong Wang, Adam S. Markman, Chenggen Quan +1 more

We present a photon-counting double-random-phase encryption technique that only requires the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image for decryption. The double-random-phase encryption is used to encrypt an image, generating a complex image. Photon counting is applied to the amplitude of the encrypted image, generating a sparse noise-like image; however, the phase information is not retained. By not using the phase information, the encryption process is simplified, allowing for intensity detection and also less information to be recorded. Using a phase numerically generated from the correct encryption keys together with the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image, we are able to decrypt the image. Moreover, nonlinear correlation algorithms can be used to authenticate the decrypted image. Both amplitude-based and full-phase encryption using the proposed method are investigated. Preliminary computational results and performance evaluation are presented.

Journal of the Optical Society of America A•Oct 13, 2016•20 citations

Photon-counting imaging based double-random-phase encryption for information security and verification

Elisabet Pérez–Cabré, Héctor C. Abril, María Sagrario Millán +1 more

The integration of photon-counting imaging techniques to optical encryption systems permits to increase information authentication robustness against intruder attacks. Photon-counting imaging generates distributions with only few photons and provides substantial bandwidth reduction by requiring only a sparse encrypted data. We show that photon-limited encrypted distributions have sufficient information for decryption, authentication and signal retrieval. Different approaches to compress the information on encrypted distributions are considered and analyzed.

Euro-American Workshop on Information Optics•Jun 1, 2011•0 citations
We propose an image encryption system based on phase mask multiplexing and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique for multiple image authentications and digital hologram security. Multiple images to be authenticated are converted into phase-only images using a phase-retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier transform domain. The multiple phase-only images are multiplexed into a single phase-only mask and it is further encrypted into a complex-valued function. The photon-limited image is generated by applying the PCI technique to a complex-valued function. For decryption, the photon-limited decrypted images are obtained after applying the appropriate keys. The photon-limited decrypted image contains sufficient information for verification because this image has sparse representation. To verify the photon-limited decrypted image, the optical correlation filters can be used. The proposed system has also been used for hologram security. For hologram security, the system provides multiple layers of security by hiding multiple encrypted images. The computer simulation results have been presented. The authentication scheme has been tested for securing three-dimensional information through experimentally recorded Fresnel digital hologram.
In this study, we report on the recent developments of optical image authentication algorithms. Compared with conventional optical encryption, optical image authentication achieves more security strength because such methods do not need to recover information of plaintext totally during the decryption period. Several recently proposed authentication systems are briefly introduced. We also propose a novel multiple-image authentication system, where multiple original images are encoded into a photon-limited encoded image by using a triple-plane based phase retrieval algorithm and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique. One can only recover a noise-like image using correct keys. To check authority of multiple images, a nonlinear fractional correlation is employed to recognize the original information hidden in the decrypted results. The proposal can be implemented optically using a cascaded phase filtering configuration. Computer simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of this proposal and its effectiveness.
The integration of photon-counting imaging techniques and optical encryption systems can improve information authentication robustness against intruder attacks.Photon-counting imaging generates distributions with far fewer photons than conventional imaging, and provides substantial bandwidth reduction by generating a sparse encrypted data.We show that photon-limited encrypted distributions have sufficient information for successful decryption, authentication and signal retrieval.Additional compression of the encrypted distribution is applied by limiting the number of phase values used to reproduce the phase information of the complex-valued encrypted data.The validity of this technique -with and without phase compression -is probed through simulated experiments for two types of input images: alphanumerical signs and dithered natural scenes.
Complex holographic schemes are usually required to obtain complex-valued encrypted images that are used for verification in previously proposed authentication approaches based on photon-counting imaging and double-random-phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose an optical information encryption and authentication system by integrating the classical optical DRPE with a modified iterative phase retrieval algorithm using 2-D median filtering. Only the intensity of the encrypted data needs to be recorded during the optical encryption process, and a private phase distribution is generated by combining iterative phase retrieval and 2-D median filtering. Sparse representation for the phase distribution, but not for a complex-amplitude distribution, is used for decryption and verification. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
We present a photon-counting double-random-phase encryption technique that only requires the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image for decryption. The double-random-phase encryption is used to encrypt an image, generating a complex image. Photon counting is applied to the amplitude of the encrypted image, generating a sparse noise-like image; however, the phase information is not retained. By not using the phase information, the encryption process is simplified, allowing for intensity detection and also less information to be recorded. Using a phase numerically generated from the correct encryption keys together with the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image, we are able to decrypt the image. Moreover, nonlinear correlation algorithms can be used to authenticate the decrypted image. Both amplitude-based and full-phase encryption using the proposed method are investigated. Preliminary computational results and performance evaluation are presented.
The integration of photon-counting imaging techniques to optical encryption systems permits to increase information authentication robustness against intruder attacks. Photon-counting imaging generates distributions with only few photons and provides substantial bandwidth reduction by requiring only a sparse encrypted data. We show that photon-limited encrypted distributions have sufficient information for decryption, authentication and signal retrieval. Different approaches to compress the information on encrypted distributions are considered and analyzed.