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IEEE photonics journal

Optical Encryption and Authentication Based on Phase Retrieval and Sparsity Constraints

Xiaogang Wang, Wen Chen, Xudong Chen

Published Mar 13, 2015• 41 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Complex holographic schemes are usually required to obtain complex-valued encrypted images that are used for verification in previously proposed authentication approaches based on photon-counting imaging and double-random-phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose an optical information encryption and authentication system by integrating the classical optical DRPE with a modified iterative phase retrieval algorithm using 2-D median filtering. Only the intensity of the encrypted data needs to be recorded during the optical encryption process, and a private phase distribution is generated by combining iterative phase retrieval and 2-D median filtering. Sparse representation for the phase distribution, but not for a complex-amplitude distribution, is used for decryption and verification. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2015.2412936

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Complex holographic schemes are usually required to obtain complex-valued encrypted images that are used for verification in previously proposed authentication approaches based on photon-counting imaging and double-random-phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose an optical information encryption and authentication system by integrating the classical optical DRPE with a modified iterative phase retrieval algorithm using 2-D median filtering. Only the intensity of the encrypted data needs to be recorded during the optical encryption process, and a private phase distribution is generated by combining iterative phase retrieval and 2-D median filtering. Sparse representation for the phase distribution, but not for a complex-amplitude distribution, is used for decryption and verification. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.
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We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
We develop a phase-modulated optical system with sparse representation for information encoding and authentication. The optical cryptosystem is developed with cascaded phase-only masks, and the plaintext is encoded into the cascaded phase-only masks based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm during the encryption. Two simple strategies are developed to generate sparse data: The sparse data are randomly generated from the extracted phase-only masks, and sparse data are randomly generated from the plaintext. These two sparsity strategies are respectively used in the proposed optical security system, and the decrypted images cannot visually render information about the plaintext. Optical authentication method is further applied to verify the decrypted images. It is illustrated that the optical authentication operation with sparsity strategy can provide an additional security layer for the optical security system.
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We propose a novel optical information encryption and authentication scheme that uses asymmetric keys generated by the phase-truncation approach and the phase-retrieval algorithm. Multiple images bonded with random phase masks are Fourier transformed, and obtained spectra are amplitude- and phase-truncated. The phase-truncated spectra are encoded into a single random intensity image using the phase-retrieval algorithm. Unlike most of the authentication schemes, in this study, only one encrypted reference image is required for verification of multiple secured images. The conventional double random phase encoding and correlation techniques are employed for authentication verification. Computer simulation results and theoretical explanation prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.