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Optics Express

Optical information authentication using compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response codes

Xiaogang Wang, Wen Chen, Xudong Chen

Published Feb 27, 2015• 75 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.

DOI
10.1364/oe.23.006239

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In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.
Complex holographic schemes are usually required to obtain complex-valued encrypted images that are used for verification in previously proposed authentication approaches based on photon-counting imaging and double-random-phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose an optical information encryption and authentication system by integrating the classical optical DRPE with a modified iterative phase retrieval algorithm using 2-D median filtering. Only the intensity of the encrypted data needs to be recorded during the optical encryption process, and a private phase distribution is generated by combining iterative phase retrieval and 2-D median filtering. Sparse representation for the phase distribution, but not for a complex-amplitude distribution, is used for decryption and verification. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
The study of optical information verification and authentication has shown potential in research because of its processing speed, multi-dimensional aspects, and ability to process information in parallel. Optical authentication systems are essential, for ensuring communication and safeguarding data through confidentiality, verification, and authentication processes. Many research projects have been carried out to improve the knowledge and implementation of optical authentication systems. One major progress, in this area involves combining sparsity limitations with double random phase encoding (DRPE) which has been successful in guaranteeing data verification. Through the application of sparsity constraints encoded signals are made incomprehensible. Do not disclose any details, about the initial data yet still allow for authentication using nonlinear optical correlation methods. This article seeks to examine methods, for verifying information and data by incorporating limitations on sparsity and optical encryption to offer an insight into the subject. The research emphasizes the efficiency and potential applications of systems and strategies such as PhC DRPE, QR Bar Code Verification, Multi-Factor Verification and Authentication, and Authentication Utilizing Ghost Imaging with Reduced Realizations. The outcomes lay the groundwork, for developing optical security measures that advance communication, data protection, and authentication processes. The primary goal of choosing the methods utilized in this research is to investigate and assess data validation and authentication approaches that provide improved security by incorporating sparsity limitations and optical encryption. The techniques selected were aimed at investigating how sparsity restrictions and optical encryption could be utilized to improve security, in information validation and authentication setups. Through the examination of these strategies, the research seeks to add value to the advancement of more effective measures, for safeguarding confidential data and verifying data, gadgets, and individuals.
We propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
In holographic encryption, double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain (DRPEiFD) is a prevalent encryption method because it is lensless and secure.However, noises bring adverse effects during decryption.In this letter, we introduce quick-response (QR) coding during encryption to resist noises.We transform the original information into a QR code and then encrypt the code as a hologram through DRPEiFD.To retrieve the input, we decrypt the hologram in the opposite manner to the encryption and subsequently obtain a QR code with noises.By scanning this code with proper applications in smartphones, we can obtain a noise-free retrieval.Numerical experiments and images scanned by a smartphone are shown to validate our proposed method.
We develop a phase-modulated optical system with sparse representation for information encoding and authentication. The optical cryptosystem is developed with cascaded phase-only masks, and the plaintext is encoded into the cascaded phase-only masks based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm during the encryption. Two simple strategies are developed to generate sparse data: The sparse data are randomly generated from the extracted phase-only masks, and sparse data are randomly generated from the plaintext. These two sparsity strategies are respectively used in the proposed optical security system, and the decrypted images cannot visually render information about the plaintext. Optical authentication method is further applied to verify the decrypted images. It is illustrated that the optical authentication operation with sparsity strategy can provide an additional security layer for the optical security system.