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Optical Security using the Double-Random-Phase Encryption with Photon-Counting

Adam S. Markman

Published Jan 1, 2014• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.

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We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
We propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
We investigate a full-phase-based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A PC technique is applied during the encryption process, creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the PC decrypted data for full-phase encoding and amplitude-phase encoding are derived, and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full-phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The PC decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full-phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.
We present a photon-counting double-random-phase encryption technique that only requires the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image for decryption. The double-random-phase encryption is used to encrypt an image, generating a complex image. Photon counting is applied to the amplitude of the encrypted image, generating a sparse noise-like image; however, the phase information is not retained. By not using the phase information, the encryption process is simplified, allowing for intensity detection and also less information to be recorded. Using a phase numerically generated from the correct encryption keys together with the photon-limited amplitude of the encrypted image, we are able to decrypt the image. Moreover, nonlinear correlation algorithms can be used to authenticate the decrypted image. Both amplitude-based and full-phase encryption using the proposed method are investigated. Preliminary computational results and performance evaluation are presented.
Recently, double random phase encoding (DRPE) has been integrated with the photon counting (PC) imaging technique for the purpose of secure image authentication. In this scheme, the same key should be securely distributed and shared between the sender and receiver, but this is one of the most vexing problems of symmetric cryptosystems. In this study, we propose an efficient asymmetric image authentication scheme by combining the PC-DRPE and RSA algorithms, which solves key management and distribution problems. The retrieved image from the proposed authentication method contains photon-limited encrypted data obtained by means of PC-DRPE. Therefore, the original image can be protected while the retrieved image can be efficiently verified using a statistical nonlinear correlation approach. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed asymmetric image authentication method.
In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.
The integration of photon-counting imaging techniques and optical encryption systems can improve information authentication robustness against intruder attacks.Photon-counting imaging generates distributions with far fewer photons than conventional imaging, and provides substantial bandwidth reduction by generating a sparse encrypted data.We show that photon-limited encrypted distributions have sufficient information for successful decryption, authentication and signal retrieval.Additional compression of the encrypted distribution is applied by limiting the number of phase values used to reproduce the phase information of the complex-valued encrypted data.The validity of this technique -with and without phase compression -is probed through simulated experiments for two types of input images: alphanumerical signs and dithered natural scenes.