Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Optics Letters

Three-dimensional joint transform correlator cryptosystem

Alejandro Velez-Zea, John Fredy Barrera, Roberto Torroba

Published Jan 28, 2016• 37 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We introduce for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a three-dimensional experimental joint transform correlator (JTC) cryptosystem allowing the encryption of information for any 3D object, and as an additional novel feature, a second 3D object plays the role of the encoding key. While the JTC architecture is normally used to process 2D data, in this work, we envisage a technique that allows the use of this architecture to protect 3D data. The encrypted object information is contained in the joint power spectrum. We register the key object as a digital off-axis Fourier hologram. The encryption procedure is done optically, while the decryption is carried out by means of a virtual optical system, allowing for flexible implementation of the proposal. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the method.

DOI
10.1364/ol.41.000599

Related papers

Double-image encryption based on joint transform correlation and phase-shifting interferometry

Lina Shen, Jun Li, Chang Hong-sen

An image encryption method combining the joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture with phase-shifting interferometry to realize double random-phase encoding is proposed. The encrypted field and the decrypting key are registered as holograms by phase-shifting interferometry. This method can encrypt two images simultaneously to improve the encryption efficiency of the methods based on JTC architecture, and eliminate the system alignment constraint of the methods based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture. Its feasibility and validity are verified by computer simulations. Moreover, image encryption and decryption can be achieved at high speed optically or digitally. The encrypted data are suitable for Internet transmission.

Chinese Optics Letters•Dec 10, 2007•5 citations

Image quality and security through nonlinear joint transform encryption

Juan M. Vilardy, Elisabet Pérez–Cabré, María Sagrario Millán

Joint-transform correlator (JTC) architecture presents some advantages, such as no requirement of interferometric recording of the phase distribution or complex conjugation of the key phase mask, in order to optically implement the well-known double random phase encryption (DRPE) method. In addition, a practical optical realization was proposed in a way that the whole information (primary image and two random phase masks) was easily introduced in the same input plane of the JTC system. However, poor image quality was obtained in the decryption stage. Cryptanalysis of JTC-based encryption systems demonstrated that they were vulnerable to certain intruder attacks, similarly to the original DRPE method. In this work, we review recent modifications of encryption algorithms based on JTC architecture that permit, on the one hand, to significantly increase the quality of the retrieved image after information decryption, and on the other hand, to achieve a high security level against a variety of system attacks. The modifications, which were firstly introduced in the Fourier-based JTC system, have been also adapted to be used in the Fresnel and Fractional Fourier domains as well as in the Gyrator domain. Nonlinear operations have been also introduced in multifactor encryption-authentication.

Workshop on Information Optics•Jul 1, 2016•1 citation

Sistemas no lineales de cifrado y autenticación de imágenes basados en el correlador óptico de transformadas conjuntas (jtc)

Juan Manuel Vilardy Ortiz

Opticalinformation processing systems have shown great potential for security applications. Optical encryption and authentication techniques use the parallel processing capabilities, high computing speed and also, the wide range of controllable physical parameters provided by the optical processing systems. All these features permit to obtain highly secure systems. The research here contained focuses on the design and development of opto-digital security systems based on the architecture of the joint transform correlator (JTC). The security systems presented in this thesis correspond to encryption and authentication systems. The proposed encryption systems are simple and nonlinear opto-digital systems with a twofold purpose: first, an improved quality of decrypted images in comparison with other encryption systems of similar technology, and second, a high degree of security due to the use of several keys and an improved resistance against various security attacks. All these features are achieved for all the designed encryption systems based on a JTC in the Fourier, Fresnel and fractional Fourier optical processing domains, respectively. In this work, an experimental validation of the most basic aspects of the proposed encryption system is also included. Finally, we present the integration of the photon-counting technique with the nonlinear encryption system based on a JTC in order to authenticate and verify a primary image (for instance, an image of a fingerprint) and a random phase code, respectively, in a secure and simultaneous manner. The integration of the photon-counting technique in the information processing system increases the security of the encryption system and also, makes the authentication system more robust against unauthorized attacks.

•Jan 1, 2015•0 citations

Method for self reconstruction of holograms for secure communication

Craig W. Babcock, Eric Donkor

We present the theory and experimental results behind using a 3D holographic signal for secure communications. A hologram of a complex 3D object is recorded to be used as a hard key for data encryption and decryption. The hologram is cut in half to be used at each end of the system. One piece is used for data encryption, while the other is used for data decryption. The first piece of hologram is modulated with the data to be encrypted. The hologram has an extremely complex phase distribution which encodes the data signal incident on the first piece of hologram. In order to extract the data from the modulated holographic carrier, the signal must be passed through the second hologram, removing the complex phase contributions of the first hologram. The signal beam from the first piece of hologram is used to illuminate the second piece of the same hologram, creating a self-reconstructing system. The 3D hologram’s interference pattern is highly specific to the 3D object and conditions during the holographic writing process. With a sufficiently complex 3D object used to generate the holographic hard key, the data will be nearly impossible to recover without using the second piece of the same hologram. This method of producing a self-reconstructing hologram ensures that the pieces in use are from the same original hologram, providing a system hard key, making it an extremely difficult system to counterfeit.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•May 10, 2017•0 citations

Method for self-reconstruction of holograms for secure communication

Craig W. Babcock, Eric Donkor

We present the theory and experimental results behind using a 3D holographic signal for secure communications. A hologram of a complex 3D object is recorded to be used as a hard key for data encryption and decryption. The hologram is cut in half to be used at each end of the system. One piece is used for data encryption, while the other is used for data decryption. The first piece of hologram is modulated with the data to be encrypted. The hologram has an extremely complex phase distribution which encodes the data signal incident on the first piece of hologram. In order to extract the data from the modulated holographic carrier, the signal must be passed through the second hologram, removing the complex phase contributions of the first hologram. The signal beam from the first piece of hologram is used to illuminate the second piece of the same hologram, creating a self-reconstructing system. The 3D hologram's interference pattern is highly specific to the 3D object and conditions during the holographic writing process. With a sufficiently complex 3D object used to generate the holographic hard key, the data will be nearly impossible to recover without using the second piece of the same hologram. This method of producing a self-reconstructing hologram ensures that the pieces in use are from the same original hologram, providing a system hard key, making it an extremely difficult system to counterfeit.

SPIE Quantum Information Science, Sensing, and Computation•May 14, 2018•0 citations

Images encryption system based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering

Juan M. Vilardy

A new optical security system for image encryption based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering is proposed.The position of the lens in the proposed optical encryption setup can be chosen, so that an additional key is introduced in the security system.The distributions at the input and output planes of the encryption system are related by a fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) at a given fractional order that is defined, among other parameters, by the focal length and the position of the lens in the setup; this fractional order acts as an additional key of the security system.The optical intensity of the complex distribution in the fractional Fourier domain (output plane) is captured by a CCD camera.The nonlinearity introduced in the last step of the encryption process, maintains the encrypted function as a real-valued function.The security system proposed in this work is an generalization of the encryption system based on a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC), from the Fourier domain to the fractional Fourier domain.Additional advantages of the proposed system are: new degrees of freedom for the optical setup, alleviated alignment requirement, and the introduction of an additional key (the fractional order of the FrFT) that improves security.Numerical simulations verify the validity of this new optical security system.

Optica Pura y Aplicada•Jan 1, 2014•14 citations
We introduce for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a three-dimensional experimental joint transform correlator (JTC) cryptosystem allowing the encryption of information for any 3D object, and as an additional novel feature, a second 3D object plays the role of the encoding key. While the JTC architecture is normally used to process 2D data, in this work, we envisage a technique that allows the use of this architecture to protect 3D data. The encrypted object information is contained in the joint power spectrum. We register the key object as a digital off-axis Fourier hologram. The encryption procedure is done optically, while the decryption is carried out by means of a virtual optical system, allowing for flexible implementation of the proposal. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the method.
An image encryption method combining the joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture with phase-shifting interferometry to realize double random-phase encoding is proposed. The encrypted field and the decrypting key are registered as holograms by phase-shifting interferometry. This method can encrypt two images simultaneously to improve the encryption efficiency of the methods based on JTC architecture, and eliminate the system alignment constraint of the methods based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture. Its feasibility and validity are verified by computer simulations. Moreover, image encryption and decryption can be achieved at high speed optically or digitally. The encrypted data are suitable for Internet transmission.
Joint-transform correlator (JTC) architecture presents some advantages, such as no requirement of interferometric recording of the phase distribution or complex conjugation of the key phase mask, in order to optically implement the well-known double random phase encryption (DRPE) method. In addition, a practical optical realization was proposed in a way that the whole information (primary image and two random phase masks) was easily introduced in the same input plane of the JTC system. However, poor image quality was obtained in the decryption stage. Cryptanalysis of JTC-based encryption systems demonstrated that they were vulnerable to certain intruder attacks, similarly to the original DRPE method. In this work, we review recent modifications of encryption algorithms based on JTC architecture that permit, on the one hand, to significantly increase the quality of the retrieved image after information decryption, and on the other hand, to achieve a high security level against a variety of system attacks. The modifications, which were firstly introduced in the Fourier-based JTC system, have been also adapted to be used in the Fresnel and Fractional Fourier domains as well as in the Gyrator domain. Nonlinear operations have been also introduced in multifactor encryption-authentication.
Opticalinformation processing systems have shown great potential for security applications. Optical encryption and authentication techniques use the parallel processing capabilities, high computing speed and also, the wide range of controllable physical parameters provided by the optical processing systems. All these features permit to obtain highly secure systems. The research here contained focuses on the design and development of opto-digital security systems based on the architecture of the joint transform correlator (JTC). The security systems presented in this thesis correspond to encryption and authentication systems. The proposed encryption systems are simple and nonlinear opto-digital systems with a twofold purpose: first, an improved quality of decrypted images in comparison with other encryption systems of similar technology, and second, a high degree of security due to the use of several keys and an improved resistance against various security attacks. All these features are achieved for all the designed encryption systems based on a JTC in the Fourier, Fresnel and fractional Fourier optical processing domains, respectively. In this work, an experimental validation of the most basic aspects of the proposed encryption system is also included. Finally, we present the integration of the photon-counting technique with the nonlinear encryption system based on a JTC in order to authenticate and verify a primary image (for instance, an image of a fingerprint) and a random phase code, respectively, in a secure and simultaneous manner. The integration of the photon-counting technique in the information processing system increases the security of the encryption system and also, makes the authentication system more robust against unauthorized attacks.
We present the theory and experimental results behind using a 3D holographic signal for secure communications. A hologram of a complex 3D object is recorded to be used as a hard key for data encryption and decryption. The hologram is cut in half to be used at each end of the system. One piece is used for data encryption, while the other is used for data decryption. The first piece of hologram is modulated with the data to be encrypted. The hologram has an extremely complex phase distribution which encodes the data signal incident on the first piece of hologram. In order to extract the data from the modulated holographic carrier, the signal must be passed through the second hologram, removing the complex phase contributions of the first hologram. The signal beam from the first piece of hologram is used to illuminate the second piece of the same hologram, creating a self-reconstructing system. The 3D hologram’s interference pattern is highly specific to the 3D object and conditions during the holographic writing process. With a sufficiently complex 3D object used to generate the holographic hard key, the data will be nearly impossible to recover without using the second piece of the same hologram. This method of producing a self-reconstructing hologram ensures that the pieces in use are from the same original hologram, providing a system hard key, making it an extremely difficult system to counterfeit.
We present the theory and experimental results behind using a 3D holographic signal for secure communications. A hologram of a complex 3D object is recorded to be used as a hard key for data encryption and decryption. The hologram is cut in half to be used at each end of the system. One piece is used for data encryption, while the other is used for data decryption. The first piece of hologram is modulated with the data to be encrypted. The hologram has an extremely complex phase distribution which encodes the data signal incident on the first piece of hologram. In order to extract the data from the modulated holographic carrier, the signal must be passed through the second hologram, removing the complex phase contributions of the first hologram. The signal beam from the first piece of hologram is used to illuminate the second piece of the same hologram, creating a self-reconstructing system. The 3D hologram's interference pattern is highly specific to the 3D object and conditions during the holographic writing process. With a sufficiently complex 3D object used to generate the holographic hard key, the data will be nearly impossible to recover without using the second piece of the same hologram. This method of producing a self-reconstructing hologram ensures that the pieces in use are from the same original hologram, providing a system hard key, making it an extremely difficult system to counterfeit.
A new optical security system for image encryption based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering is proposed.The position of the lens in the proposed optical encryption setup can be chosen, so that an additional key is introduced in the security system.The distributions at the input and output planes of the encryption system are related by a fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) at a given fractional order that is defined, among other parameters, by the focal length and the position of the lens in the setup; this fractional order acts as an additional key of the security system.The optical intensity of the complex distribution in the fractional Fourier domain (output plane) is captured by a CCD camera.The nonlinearity introduced in the last step of the encryption process, maintains the encrypted function as a real-valued function.The security system proposed in this work is an generalization of the encryption system based on a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC), from the Fourier domain to the fractional Fourier domain.Additional advantages of the proposed system are: new degrees of freedom for the optical setup, alleviated alignment requirement, and the introduction of an additional key (the fractional order of the FrFT) that improves security.Numerical simulations verify the validity of this new optical security system.