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IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Secure Transmission Designs for NOMA Systems Against Internal and External Eavesdropping

Kunrui Cao, Buhong Wang, Haiyang Ding, Tengyao Li, Jiwei Tian, Fengkui Gong

Published Jan 1, 2020• 82 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The key idea of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is to serve multiple users in the same resource block to improve the spectral efficiency. Whereas due to the resource sharing, a security flaw of NOMA emerges in the presence of internal untrusted users, especially untrusted near users who are closer to the base station and can easily access the confidential information for paired far users. To mitigate the flaw, in this paper, we investigate the reliable and secure transmission of NOMA systems with untrusted near users, and propose joint beamforming and power allocation (JBP) scheme for the scenario. Meanwhile, from security point of view, we extend to a worse-case scenario where both untrusted near users and external eavesdroppers exist, and propose joint artificial noise aided beamforming and power allocation (JANBP) scheme to achieve a reliable and secure transmission for the scenario. The exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the two scenarios are derived to evaluate the secrecy performance achieved by the proposed schemes, respectively. The analysis and simulation results show the superiority of the proposed JBP and JANBP schemes in terms of combating internal and external eavesdropping, and also indicate the two schemes can achieve the same SOP at high SNR.

DOI
10.1109/tifs.2020.2980202

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The key idea of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is to serve multiple users in the same resource block to improve the spectral efficiency. Whereas due to the resource sharing, a security flaw of NOMA emerges in the presence of internal untrusted users, especially untrusted near users who are closer to the base station and can easily access the confidential information for paired far users. To mitigate the flaw, in this paper, we investigate the reliable and secure transmission of NOMA systems with untrusted near users, and propose joint beamforming and power allocation (JBP) scheme for the scenario. Meanwhile, from security point of view, we extend to a worse-case scenario where both untrusted near users and external eavesdroppers exist, and propose joint artificial noise aided beamforming and power allocation (JANBP) scheme to achieve a reliable and secure transmission for the scenario. The exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the two scenarios are derived to evaluate the secrecy performance achieved by the proposed schemes, respectively. The analysis and simulation results show the superiority of the proposed JBP and JANBP schemes in terms of combating internal and external eavesdropping, and also indicate the two schemes can achieve the same SOP at high SNR.
Owing to the eminent performance gain, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been regarded as a promising approach to achieve high throughput and low latency for the next-generation networks. Nevertheless, potential adversaries can still pose a threat to secure transmission in NOMA systems. Hence, in this article, secure transmission schemes based on beamforming optimization are designed to combat both internal and external eavesdropping for downlink multi-input single-output NOMA networks. Using the transmit beamforming design, we first propose two schemes to protect the privacy of a specific NOMA user in the presence of untrusted users. Then, the sum secrecy rate optimization problem is studied to combat the external eavesdropper through optimizing the precoding vectors, when the channel state information (CSI) is available. In addition, two secure beamforming strategies with the help of artificial noise and inter-user interference are proposed without eavesdropping CSI, respectively. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, and some open issues are discussed as well.
This paper investigates secure transmission for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems where the imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) is considered at both legitimate users and eavesdropper (Eve). A power allocation scheme is designed for the legitimate users to mitigate the effect of the SIC error caused by imperfect SIC. For characterizing the secrecy performance of the NOMA system, the closed-form expressions for connection outage probability (COP), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and effective secrecy throughput (EST) are derived over Nakagami-m fading channels in both NOMA and benchmark orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems. We also provide security and reliability trade-off results (SRT) for the users in the NOMA and OMA systems. Simulation results verify our analysis and show that the strong users achieve better secrecy performance but worse reliability performance and NOMA outperforms OMA in terms of SRT.
This letter proposes a joint covert and secure transmission scheme in the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks against internal eavesdropping and external monitoring. In the network, the strong user wiretaps the signals of the weak user while an external warden monitors the communication behaviors of the strong user. To address the issue, a random artificial noise (AN) based beamforming is adopted, which not only reduces the eavesdropping rate of the strong user but also confuses the warden. We consider the worst case, where the warden can minimize the detection error probability (DEP) by optimizing its detection threshold. Further, we characterize the closed-form expressions of the average minimum DEP of the warden, the connection outage probabilities of the NOMA users and the secrecy outage probability of the weak user under the imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). To improve the performance, an effective covert rate maximization problem is formulated, under the constraints of the covertness, reliability and secrecy, which is analytically solved. Numerical results validate the superiority of the proposed scheme.
The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network is applied to improve spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless systems. Due to the incorporation of NOMA, RIS-aided NOMA system suffers from physical layer security (PLS) problem when an internal near user (NU) is the eavesdropper. In this case, it is difficult to always guarantee positive secrecy rate. Therefore, a scheme of artificial noise (AN) cooperative jamming and beamforming design is proposed against internal eavesdropper for RIS-aided NOMA in this paper. It is proved theoretically that the positive secrecy rate can be guaranteed if providing sufficient power. In addition, the power allocation of base station is further studied to minimize the total power consumption under the constraints of data rate and secrecy rate, and the closed-form solutions are achieved. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior to the existing solutions.
We study the secrecy transmission of uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with single antenna and multi-antenna users in presence of an eavesdropper. Two phases are required for communications during each time frame between the users and the base station in cellular networks. We study the case where an eavesdropper overhears the relay and direct links from the users to the base stations. In terms of the secure performance analysis, we focus on two main metrics including secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) with the assumption that the eavesdropper is able to detect the signals. Analytical closed-form expressions for the SOP and SPSC are derived to evaluate the system secure performance achieved by the proposed schemes. Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis is presented to gain further insights. The analytical and numerical results indicate that the proposed schemes can realize better secrecy performance once we improve the channel condition and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Our results confirms that the secrecy performance gaps exist among the two users since different power allocation factors are assigned to these users.
This paper investigates the secrecy outage performance for a large-scale downlink system with full-duplex (FD) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission aided by artificial noise (AN). In the system, legitimate users (LUs) are randomly distributed according to homogeneous Poisson point processes whereas a passive eavesdropper (Eve) is certainly located. We introduce a secure cooperative communication scheme, in which nearby NOMA users operating in FD mode act as jammers and generate AN to enhance the physical layer security (PLS) of the legitimate transmission. Closed-form expressions in terms of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) for a user pair are acquired. Following the mathematical results, secrecy diversity order analysis is further carried out for two scenarios, i.e., 1) fixed transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the Eve, and 2) transmit SNR at the Eve being proportional to that of LUs. Closed-form expressions of asymptotic SOP for the two scenarios are also obtained. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to certify the veracity of the theoretic analysis and illustrate that the proposed scheme employing both AN and FD-NOMA is superior in the secrecy outage to the NOMA scheme without AN and the orthogonal multiple access scheme with AN. Furthermore, the SOP performance enhancement through proper secrecy rate target selection and power allocation optimization is also evidenced by the simulations.