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A 230 GHz Finline SIS receiver with wide IF bandwidth

John Garrett, Faouzi M. Boussaha, Christine Chaumont, BK Tan, G. Yassin

Published Jan 1, 2017• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We have developed anSIS receiver with a wide intermediate-frequency (IF) bandwidth.This is important for reducing image integration time and simultaneously measuring multiple spectral lines. The receiver is a finline mixer-based design, which allows for ultra-wide radio-frequency (RF) bandwidth and has lower mechanical requirements compared to radial stub designs. Simulations of this receiver showed quantum limited noise in the RF frequency range of 140 to 260 GHzand from DC to 10GHz in the IF spectrum.We measured the noise temperature by comparing the receiver's response to hot and cold loads. The best noise temperature was 37.9 K at 231.0 GHz, and all of the results were below 100 K from 213 to 257 GHz (the bandwidth of our local-oscillator). We measured the IF bandwidth using a spectrum analyser, and found good results from around 3-10 GHz. The lower frequency was restricted by our IF amplifier's bandwidth but the higher frequency limit was lower than we expected from simulations. We believe that this discrepancywas due to the inductance of the bondwires that we used to connect the mixer chip to the IF board. We are currently investigating techniques to reduce and compensate for this inductance.

Related papers

A millimeter unilateral finline SIS mixer with a wide IF bandwidth

Yangjun Zhou

Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction mixers are now commonly used in as- tronomical receivers at (sub)millimeter wavelengths because of their superb sensitivity, high dynamic range and stability of operation. Niobium SIS mixers operating at frequencies well below the super- conducting gap (∼680 GHz) have already achieved quantum limited sensitivity. Therefore to further enhance the receiver sensitivity, increasing the Intermediate Frequency (IF) bandwidth of SIS mixers has became crucial. This thesis focuses on the theoretical modeling, design and experimental verifi- cation of Nb SIS mixers operating around 230 GHz with a wide IF bandwidth of 1–15 GHz. These mixers were designed for a single baseline heterodyne interferometer (GUBBINS), which is being built to observe the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect in the Cosmic Microwave Background. The combination of wide IF bandwidth SIS mixers and complex analogue correlators will allow GUBBINS to feature high surface brightness sensitivity, that helps to distinguish the weak SZ effect from the background noise. The SIS mixer detector system was assembled inside the GUBBINS cryostat together with the IF electronics and RF/LO optical systems. Low noise temperatures of around 71 K were then measured in the GUBBINS system. The Nb SIS mixer we have developed uses a unilateral finline and fully integrated planar circuits deposited on a silicon substrate, to couple the electromagnetic radiation from the waveguide into the SIS junction. The finline mixer allows a broad-band RF coupling, an easy integration of the on-chip planar circuits and an easy-to-fabricate mixer block. To achieve a wide IF bandwidth, the output impedance of the SIS mixer was well matched to the input impedance of the amplifier by a multi-stage microstrip circuit. Additionally, the planar circuit of the SIS mixer was also designed to have a small lumped inductance and capacitance. The SIS mixer chip was extensively simulated by rigorous electromagnetic software (HFSS) and the S-parameter was exported to a quantum mixing package SuperMix to produce a full-wave model of the mixer. Experimental testing yielded a best noise temperature of 50 K with an average noise temperature of 75 K over an RF bandwidth of 160 GHz– 260 GHz. We have performed thorough experimental and computational investigation of the IF system in particular the constraints on the bandwidth caused by the lumped element capacitance of the mixer chip and the matching of the output impedance of the mixer to the IF amplifier. Our conclusion is that a bandwidth of 1–15 GHz could be achieved using our mixer design, subject to the performance of the amplifier. Finally, a variable temperature load system was successfully developed and tested inside the cryostat, to avoid the losses from the room-temperature optics. We have showed that the noise temperature of the SIS detector could be reduced by as much as 15 K by testing the mixer using a variable temperature load inside the cryostat.

•Jan 1, 2013•0 citations

A 220 GHz finline mixer with ultra-wide instantaneous bandwidth

BK Tan, Faouzi M. Boussaha, Christine Chaumont +1 more

We describe the design and fabrication of a 220 GHz superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer with ultrawide IF bandwidth. The mixer is fabricated on a 100 µm thick quartz substrate, with planar circuit on-chip integration. The RF power is coupled to the tunnel junction via a unilateral finline taper and a slotline-to-microstrip transition. We used a double-stub tuning network to tune out the junction’s parasitic capacitance at a broad RF bandwidth, and matched the output impedance of the mixer to the input impedance of the IF amplifier (50 Ω) from 4–18 GHz using a 6-stage IF impedance-transformer. We have fabricated these devices and have measured good DC current-voltage (IV) characteristic curves. The heterodyne mixing performance of these devices is currently being measured, and we expect to present the results in the forthcoming ISSTT conference in March.

ORA review team•Jan 1, 2015•7 citations

Analyzing and improving the IF bandwidth performance for 345 GHz SIS mixer

Chen Peng, Boxun Wang, Liping Zuo +5 more

Abstract The wide intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth is a core performance metric for terahertz heterodyne receivers, and a wide-IF superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer is key to achieving this. This paper presents the simulation-based design, optimization, and performance analysis of a 345 GHz superconducting SIS mixer developed for wide-IF applications. The mixer employs a parallel-connected twin-junction tuning structure and integrates a dedicated IF impedance matching circuit, achieving wideband impedance matching between the mixer output port and low-noise amplifier. The design is based on two tunnel junction technologies, AlO x and AlN, with critical current densities of 1 kA·cm −2 and 25 kA·cm −2 , respectively. We systematically studied the effects of different junction materials and junction areas on the RF and IF bandwidth performance of the SIS mixer. It is found that for AlN-barrier junctions with diameters of 0.6 μ m and 0.8 μ m, the receiver’s IF noise temperature slowly decreased as the IF frequency increased at a high local oscillator frequency. Furthermore, we incorporated the calculated IF output port impedance into the mixer model for correction and introduced an integrated IF circuit approach, overcoming the original IF bandwidth limitation. Simulations show that the newly designed mixer achieves the stringent sensitivity and bandwidth requirements across the 320–370 GHz range, delivering an IF bandwidth of 4–22 GHz and a receiver noise temperature of 39–73 K. Notably, the −3 dB IF bandwidth is improved by more than 1.5 times compared to conventional AlO x -based designs. These findings provide new design guidelines and quantitative criteria for next-generation wide-IF receivers and other high-frequency applications requiring a wide IF bandwidth.

Journal of Physics D Applied Physics•Oct 6, 2026•0 citations

Development of 230 GHz finline SIS mixers for next-generation large array receivers and HARP instrument upgrade

Kuan‐Yu Liu, Boon-Kok Tan, Ming-Jye Wang +28 more

In pursuit of advancing large array receiver capabilities and enhancing the 16-element Heterodyne Array Receiver Program (HARP) instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), we have successfully fabricated 230 GHz finline superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers. These mixers are critical for assessing the potential and prospective for the HARP instrument’s upgrade. Unlike the existing HARP’s mixer, we replace the probe antenna with an end-fire unilateral finline as the waveguide to planar circuit transition. This mixer design is expected to operate from about 160–260 GHz (approximately 47% bandwidth), and the mixer chips’ current-voltage (I-V) curves have been characterized, showing promising results with a quality factor (Rsg/Rn) exceeding 9.3. Evaluation of the double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature (Trx) is currently underway. Once successfully characterised, our immediate aim is to scale the mixer to operate at HARP’s frequency range near 345 GHz to achieve similar broad RF bandwidth performance. Ongoing simulations are currently being conducted for the design of the 345 GHz finline mixer. This work marks a crucial step toward enhancing HARP receiver performance with better sensitivity and wider Intermediate Frequency (IF) bandwidth, enabling higher-frequency observations, and expanding the scientific potential of the JCMT and its collaborative partners.

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XI•Jun 14, 2024•0 citations

Design and Performance of a 3-Junction Series Distributed SIS Mixer for Wide IF Applications

Edward Tong, Paul Grimes, A. Barbier +2 more

Series distributed superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers have been used to provide very wide instantaneous bandwidth of operation. In this paper, we explore a design based on a 3-junction array in which the junctions themselves form part of the RF tuning network of the mixer. We have developed mixers based on these designs for use in the 200 and 300 GHz bands. Receivers incorporating these wideband mixers demonstrate very low noise temperature. At a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz, the lowest measured intermediate frequency noise temperature is about 42 K and the usable intermediate frequency bandwidth extends from 6 to 16.5 GHz. Both the design theory and experimental results are presented.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Dec 20, 2012•12 citations

Performance and Characterization of a Wide IF SIS-Mixer-Preamplifier Module Employing High-J c SIS Junctions

Takafumi Kojima, M. Kroug, Kazunori Uemizu +3 more

This paper reports the simulation, performance, and detailed characterization of a low-noise heterodyne module with very wide intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth in the 385-500-GHz radio frequency (RF) range. The module integrates a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer with a 3- 21-GHz cryogenic low-noise preamplifier (CLNA). The utilization of high current density SIS junctions offers wide RF bandwidth and facilitates better matching between SIS junctions and the CLNA. Based on an equivalent circuit of the SIS mixer chip, we calculate the IF output impedance and simulate how different matching conditions affect the performance of the CLNA. Simulations predict that low-noise module performance can be obtained over a 3-18GHz IF range, limited mainly by parasitic elements in theSIS mixer chip. The measurement results of the heterodyne module demonstrate flat gain and a typical noise temperature of 70-80 K over the 3-18-GHz IF range, at local oscillator frequencies of 400-480 GHz. Mixer chip output impedance and CLNA input impedance have been directly measured by recording S-parameters at cryogenic temperatures. The results enabled us to quantify the contribution of various parasitic elements in the mixer IF circuitry. Calculations based on our model are in good agreement with measurements.

IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology•Nov 1, 2017•25 citations
We have developed anSIS receiver with a wide intermediate-frequency (IF) bandwidth.This is important for reducing image integration time and simultaneously measuring multiple spectral lines. The receiver is a finline mixer-based design, which allows for ultra-wide radio-frequency (RF) bandwidth and has lower mechanical requirements compared to radial stub designs. Simulations of this receiver showed quantum limited noise in the RF frequency range of 140 to 260 GHzand from DC to 10GHz in the IF spectrum.We measured the noise temperature by comparing the receiver's response to hot and cold loads. The best noise temperature was 37.9 K at 231.0 GHz, and all of the results were below 100 K from 213 to 257 GHz (the bandwidth of our local-oscillator). We measured the IF bandwidth using a spectrum analyser, and found good results from around 3-10 GHz. The lower frequency was restricted by our IF amplifier's bandwidth but the higher frequency limit was lower than we expected from simulations. We believe that this discrepancywas due to the inductance of the bondwires that we used to connect the mixer chip to the IF board. We are currently investigating techniques to reduce and compensate for this inductance.
Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction mixers are now commonly used in as- tronomical receivers at (sub)millimeter wavelengths because of their superb sensitivity, high dynamic range and stability of operation. Niobium SIS mixers operating at frequencies well below the super- conducting gap (∼680 GHz) have already achieved quantum limited sensitivity. Therefore to further enhance the receiver sensitivity, increasing the Intermediate Frequency (IF) bandwidth of SIS mixers has became crucial. This thesis focuses on the theoretical modeling, design and experimental verifi- cation of Nb SIS mixers operating around 230 GHz with a wide IF bandwidth of 1–15 GHz. These mixers were designed for a single baseline heterodyne interferometer (GUBBINS), which is being built to observe the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect in the Cosmic Microwave Background. The combination of wide IF bandwidth SIS mixers and complex analogue correlators will allow GUBBINS to feature high surface brightness sensitivity, that helps to distinguish the weak SZ effect from the background noise. The SIS mixer detector system was assembled inside the GUBBINS cryostat together with the IF electronics and RF/LO optical systems. Low noise temperatures of around 71 K were then measured in the GUBBINS system. The Nb SIS mixer we have developed uses a unilateral finline and fully integrated planar circuits deposited on a silicon substrate, to couple the electromagnetic radiation from the waveguide into the SIS junction. The finline mixer allows a broad-band RF coupling, an easy integration of the on-chip planar circuits and an easy-to-fabricate mixer block. To achieve a wide IF bandwidth, the output impedance of the SIS mixer was well matched to the input impedance of the amplifier by a multi-stage microstrip circuit. Additionally, the planar circuit of the SIS mixer was also designed to have a small lumped inductance and capacitance. The SIS mixer chip was extensively simulated by rigorous electromagnetic software (HFSS) and the S-parameter was exported to a quantum mixing package SuperMix to produce a full-wave model of the mixer. Experimental testing yielded a best noise temperature of 50 K with an average noise temperature of 75 K over an RF bandwidth of 160 GHz– 260 GHz. We have performed thorough experimental and computational investigation of the IF system in particular the constraints on the bandwidth caused by the lumped element capacitance of the mixer chip and the matching of the output impedance of the mixer to the IF amplifier. Our conclusion is that a bandwidth of 1–15 GHz could be achieved using our mixer design, subject to the performance of the amplifier. Finally, a variable temperature load system was successfully developed and tested inside the cryostat, to avoid the losses from the room-temperature optics. We have showed that the noise temperature of the SIS detector could be reduced by as much as 15 K by testing the mixer using a variable temperature load inside the cryostat.
We describe the design and fabrication of a 220 GHz superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer with ultrawide IF bandwidth. The mixer is fabricated on a 100 µm thick quartz substrate, with planar circuit on-chip integration. The RF power is coupled to the tunnel junction via a unilateral finline taper and a slotline-to-microstrip transition. We used a double-stub tuning network to tune out the junction’s parasitic capacitance at a broad RF bandwidth, and matched the output impedance of the mixer to the input impedance of the IF amplifier (50 Ω) from 4–18 GHz using a 6-stage IF impedance-transformer. We have fabricated these devices and have measured good DC current-voltage (IV) characteristic curves. The heterodyne mixing performance of these devices is currently being measured, and we expect to present the results in the forthcoming ISSTT conference in March.
Abstract The wide intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth is a core performance metric for terahertz heterodyne receivers, and a wide-IF superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer is key to achieving this. This paper presents the simulation-based design, optimization, and performance analysis of a 345 GHz superconducting SIS mixer developed for wide-IF applications. The mixer employs a parallel-connected twin-junction tuning structure and integrates a dedicated IF impedance matching circuit, achieving wideband impedance matching between the mixer output port and low-noise amplifier. The design is based on two tunnel junction technologies, AlO x and AlN, with critical current densities of 1 kA·cm −2 and 25 kA·cm −2 , respectively. We systematically studied the effects of different junction materials and junction areas on the RF and IF bandwidth performance of the SIS mixer. It is found that for AlN-barrier junctions with diameters of 0.6 μ m and 0.8 μ m, the receiver’s IF noise temperature slowly decreased as the IF frequency increased at a high local oscillator frequency. Furthermore, we incorporated the calculated IF output port impedance into the mixer model for correction and introduced an integrated IF circuit approach, overcoming the original IF bandwidth limitation. Simulations show that the newly designed mixer achieves the stringent sensitivity and bandwidth requirements across the 320–370 GHz range, delivering an IF bandwidth of 4–22 GHz and a receiver noise temperature of 39–73 K. Notably, the −3 dB IF bandwidth is improved by more than 1.5 times compared to conventional AlO x -based designs. These findings provide new design guidelines and quantitative criteria for next-generation wide-IF receivers and other high-frequency applications requiring a wide IF bandwidth.
In pursuit of advancing large array receiver capabilities and enhancing the 16-element Heterodyne Array Receiver Program (HARP) instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), we have successfully fabricated 230 GHz finline superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers. These mixers are critical for assessing the potential and prospective for the HARP instrument’s upgrade. Unlike the existing HARP’s mixer, we replace the probe antenna with an end-fire unilateral finline as the waveguide to planar circuit transition. This mixer design is expected to operate from about 160–260 GHz (approximately 47% bandwidth), and the mixer chips’ current-voltage (I-V) curves have been characterized, showing promising results with a quality factor (Rsg/Rn) exceeding 9.3. Evaluation of the double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature (Trx) is currently underway. Once successfully characterised, our immediate aim is to scale the mixer to operate at HARP’s frequency range near 345 GHz to achieve similar broad RF bandwidth performance. Ongoing simulations are currently being conducted for the design of the 345 GHz finline mixer. This work marks a crucial step toward enhancing HARP receiver performance with better sensitivity and wider Intermediate Frequency (IF) bandwidth, enabling higher-frequency observations, and expanding the scientific potential of the JCMT and its collaborative partners.
Series distributed superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers have been used to provide very wide instantaneous bandwidth of operation. In this paper, we explore a design based on a 3-junction array in which the junctions themselves form part of the RF tuning network of the mixer. We have developed mixers based on these designs for use in the 200 and 300 GHz bands. Receivers incorporating these wideband mixers demonstrate very low noise temperature. At a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz, the lowest measured intermediate frequency noise temperature is about 42 K and the usable intermediate frequency bandwidth extends from 6 to 16.5 GHz. Both the design theory and experimental results are presented.
This paper reports the simulation, performance, and detailed characterization of a low-noise heterodyne module with very wide intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth in the 385-500-GHz radio frequency (RF) range. The module integrates a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer with a 3- 21-GHz cryogenic low-noise preamplifier (CLNA). The utilization of high current density SIS junctions offers wide RF bandwidth and facilitates better matching between SIS junctions and the CLNA. Based on an equivalent circuit of the SIS mixer chip, we calculate the IF output impedance and simulate how different matching conditions affect the performance of the CLNA. Simulations predict that low-noise module performance can be obtained over a 3-18GHz IF range, limited mainly by parasitic elements in theSIS mixer chip. The measurement results of the heterodyne module demonstrate flat gain and a typical noise temperature of 70-80 K over the 3-18-GHz IF range, at local oscillator frequencies of 400-480 GHz. Mixer chip output impedance and CLNA input impedance have been directly measured by recording S-parameters at cryogenic temperatures. The results enabled us to quantify the contribution of various parasitic elements in the mixer IF circuitry. Calculations based on our model are in good agreement with measurements.