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Microdiamond-doped lead-silicate glass optical fibre for remote magnetometry

Dongbi Bai, Hoa Tran My Huynh, David Simpson, Shahraam Afshar Vahid, Philipp Reineck, Andrew D. Greentree, Scott B. Foster, Heike Ebendorff‐Heidepriem, Brant C. Gibson

Published Dec 30, 2019• 1 citation

Abstract

We demonstrate fabrication and characterizations of intrinsically magneto-sensitive fiber with potential applications as a high-efficiency remote magnetic field sensing platform. The fibre was fabricated using lead-silicate glass and the rod-intube fibre drawing technique. The thin glass rod of ~1 mm diameter was first coated with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centreenriched diamond particles of ~1 μm diameter, and subsequently inserted into the glass outer tube. This rod-in-tube assembly was drawn down to fibre, with the diamond particles distributed at the fused interface between rod and tube. We experimentally coupled 532 nm continuous-wave laser into a 30-cm-length fibre piece from the fibre endface, and examined the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the fibre from both the side of the fibre and the output end of the fibre. PL mapping results showed that the glass-embedded NV emitters showed bright and photostable fluorescence, demonstrating characteristic NV centre zero phonon line emission. Moreover, the mapping result obtained at the output end of fibre indicated that the transmitted NV fluorescence was coupled into the propagation modes of the fibre. By using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) from the NV ensemble along the fibre, we demonstrate detection of local magnetic fields via longitudinal excitation and side collection. Based on the current light transmission and collection configuration, the hybrid diamond-glass optical fibre sensor demonstrated a shot noise-limited DC magnetic field sensitivity of 3.7 μT/√Hz at room temperature. Our results open the possibility of robust, field-deployable fibre optical magnetometry.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2539124

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Coupling NV-rich diamond with optical fibers opens the door to guiding quantum information via the NV center's spin state. While diamond-functionalized fiber sensors have shown excellent sensitivity to localized magnetic fields, their distributed sensing capabilities have been untapped. By embedding diamonds throughout the fiber's core, we create a sensor sensitive to magnetic fields along its entire length. This theoretically allows for distributed optical readout of small magnetic fields. However, challenges remain in pinpointing the source's location and understanding the performance of a sensor where the NV-center fluorescence is detected at a single endpoint, integrating signals from color centers in varying field and microwave conditions. We present a demonstration of distributed magnetic field sensing using a step-index fiber with NV-rich diamonds incorporated throughout the core. By collecting the NV fluorescence at the fiber's output and recording Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) spectra as the excitation source moves, we can map the magnetic field profile along the fiber, accurately locating the field source. This straightforward sensor design holds promise for applications such as magnetic field mapping of integrated circuits in photonics and spintronics.

We present method for preparing an interface between various fibres and fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND). The fibres used can be made from different glasses, ranging from soft glasses to standard silicate F300 glass. As a proof of concept, the FNDs are covalently thin-film assembled on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized glass cover plates and on one end-face of imaging optical image fibre. The selected image guide fibre has each individual pixel d = 3 m in diameter, with the core of the fibre 586 µm and cladding of 629 m in diameter. This fibre is made up of two multicomponent glasses, with soda-lime-silicate glass for the cladding and barium-zirconia-borosilicate glass for the cores of each individual pixel. We show the uniform assembly of FND’s over large glass surface area and image fibre tip. As a proof of concept we measure optically detectable magnetic resonance (ODMR) at the FND coated tip of the fibre. The ODMR signals are then propagated individually for selected pixels through entire fibre and measured at the non-coated end of the fibre. The differences in the ODMR signals from each pixel are recorded with and without external magnetic field. In conclusion, the results of this research show promise for instantaneous readout and mapping through fibres.

Nitrogen vacancy centres (NVC) in diamond have been widely used for near-dc magnetometry. The intrinsic properties of diamonds make them potential candidates for tokamak fusion power diagnostics, where radiation-hard magnetometers will be essential for efficient control. An NVC magnetometer placed in a tokamak will need to operate within a

\geq

1 T magnetic field. In this work, we demonstrate fibre-coupled ensemble NVC optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and magnetometry measurements at magnetic fields up to 1.2 T. Sensitivities of approximately 240 to 600 nT/

\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}

and 110 nT/

\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}

are achieved in a (10-150) Hz frequency range, for non-degenerate and near-$\langle

111

\rangle$ field alignments respectively.