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Asia Communications and Photonics Conference

FND-glass Fiber Interfaces and Their Optically Detectable Magnetic Resonance Studies

Mona Jani, Paulina Czarnecka, Adam Filipkowski, Saravanan Sengottuvel, Mariusz Mrózek, Paweł Dąbczyński, Ireneusz Kujawa, Dariusz Pysz, Wojciech Gawlik, Adam M. Wojciechowski

Published Nov 5, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present method for preparing an interface between various fibres and fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND). The fibres used can be made from different glasses, ranging from soft glasses to standard silicate F300 glass. As a proof of concept, the FNDs are covalently thin-film assembled on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized glass cover plates and on one end-face of imaging optical image fibre. The selected image guide fibre has each individual pixel d = 3 m in diameter, with the core of the fibre 586 µm and cladding of 629 m in diameter. This fibre is made up of two multicomponent glasses, with soda-lime-silicate glass for the cladding and barium-zirconia-borosilicate glass for the cores of each individual pixel. We show the uniform assembly of FND’s over large glass surface area and image fibre tip. As a proof of concept we measure optically detectable magnetic resonance (ODMR) at the FND coated tip of the fibre. The ODMR signals are then propagated individually for selected pixels through entire fibre and measured at the non-coated end of the fibre. The differences in the ODMR signals from each pixel are recorded with and without external magnetic field. In conclusion, the results of this research show promise for instantaneous readout and mapping through fibres.

DOI
10.1109/acp55869.2022.10088829

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We demonstrate fabrication and characterizations of intrinsically magneto-sensitive fiber with potential applications as a high-efficiency remote magnetic field sensing platform. The fibre was fabricated using lead-silicate glass and the rod-intube fibre drawing technique. The thin glass rod of ~1 mm diameter was first coated with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centreenriched diamond particles of ~1 μm diameter, and subsequently inserted into the glass outer tube. This rod-in-tube assembly was drawn down to fibre, with the diamond particles distributed at the fused interface between rod and tube. We experimentally coupled 532 nm continuous-wave laser into a 30-cm-length fibre piece from the fibre endface, and examined the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the fibre from both the side of the fibre and the output end of the fibre. PL mapping results showed that the glass-embedded NV emitters showed bright and photostable fluorescence, demonstrating characteristic NV centre zero phonon line emission. Moreover, the mapping result obtained at the output end of fibre indicated that the transmitted NV fluorescence was coupled into the propagation modes of the fibre. By using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) from the NV ensemble along the fibre, we demonstrate detection of local magnetic fields via longitudinal excitation and side collection. Based on the current light transmission and collection configuration, the hybrid diamond-glass optical fibre sensor demonstrated a shot noise-limited DC magnetic field sensitivity of 3.7 μT/√Hz at room temperature. Our results open the possibility of robust, field-deployable fibre optical magnetometry.
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Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) that are suitable for combined optical trapping and magnetic resonance sensing experiments are typically prepared from high pressure high temperature (HPHT) diamond. The nature of the synthesis method yields a poly-dispersion of sizes and shapes, and with a range of optoelectronic properties that may be more or less suitable for magnetic resonance sensing. In this paper we explore the possibility of using trapping metrics and fluorescence properties as a proxy for identifying NDs with strong optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) contrast. Our results suggest that larger NDs, characterized by a strong fluorescence count and high trap stiffness typically yield more favourable ODMR contrast.
Diamond containing the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant sensing platform. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and therefore are limited to laboratory settings. By embedding micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, we demonstrate a robust fiber material capable of sensing magnetic fields. Luminescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance characterization reveal that the optical properties of NV centers in the diamond microcrystals are well preserved throughout the fiber drawing process. The hybrid fiber presents a low propagation loss of ∼4.0 dB/m in the NV emission spectral window, permitting remote monitoring of the optically detected magnetic resonance signals. We demonstrate NV-spin magnetic resonance readout through 50 cm of fiber. This study paves a way for the scalable fabrication of fiber-based diamond sensors for field-deployable quantum metrology applications.
Currently, the primary applications of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are in the area of biosensing, by using photoluminescence or spin properties of colour centres, mainly represented by the Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) point defect. The sensitivity of NV-FNDs to external fields is, however, limited by crystallographic defects, which influence their key quantum state characteristics - the spin longitudinal (\textit{T1_11​}) and spin transversal (\textit{T2_22​}) relaxation and coherence times, respectively. We report on utilising an advanced FND growth technique consisting of heterogeneous nucleation on pre-engineered sites to create FNDs averaging around 60 nm in size, with mean longitudinal coherence times of 800 μμμs and a maximum over 1.8 ms, close to bulk theoretical values. This is a major, nearly ten-fold improvement over commercially available nanodiamonds for the same size range of 50 to 150 nm. Heavy-N doped nanodiamond shells, important for sensing events in nm proximity to the diamond surface, are fabricated and discussed in terms of re-nucleation and twinning on \{111\} crystal facets. We also discuss scalability issues in order to enable the production of FND volumes matching the needs of sensing applications.