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Workshop on Specialty Optical Fibers and Their Applications (WSOF)

Optical fibers doped with nitrogen-vacancy submicron diamonds as magnetic sensors

Mariusz Mrózek, Adam Filipkowski, Grzegorz Stępniewski, Wojciech Gawlik, Ryszard R. Buczynski, Mariusz Klimczak, Adam M. Wojciechowski

Published May 29, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Coupling NV-rich diamond with optical fibers opens the door to guiding quantum information via the NV center's spin state. While diamond-functionalized fiber sensors have shown excellent sensitivity to localized magnetic fields, their distributed sensing capabilities have been untapped. By embedding diamonds throughout the fiber's core, we create a sensor sensitive to magnetic fields along its entire length. This theoretically allows for distributed optical readout of small magnetic fields. However, challenges remain in pinpointing the source's location and understanding the performance of a sensor where the NV-center fluorescence is detected at a single endpoint, integrating signals from color centers in varying field and microwave conditions. We present a demonstration of distributed magnetic field sensing using a step-index fiber with NV-rich diamonds incorporated throughout the core. By collecting the NV fluorescence at the fiber's output and recording Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) spectra as the excitation source moves, we can map the magnetic field profile along the fiber, accurately locating the field source. This straightforward sensor design holds promise for applications such as magnetic field mapping of integrated circuits in photonics and spintronics.

DOI
10.1117/12.3058184

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Coupling NV-rich diamond with optical fibers opens the door to guiding quantum information via the NV center's spin state. While diamond-functionalized fiber sensors have shown excellent sensitivity to localized magnetic fields, their distributed sensing capabilities have been untapped. By embedding diamonds throughout the fiber's core, we create a sensor sensitive to magnetic fields along its entire length. This theoretically allows for distributed optical readout of small magnetic fields. However, challenges remain in pinpointing the source's location and understanding the performance of a sensor where the NV-center fluorescence is detected at a single endpoint, integrating signals from color centers in varying field and microwave conditions. We present a demonstration of distributed magnetic field sensing using a step-index fiber with NV-rich diamonds incorporated throughout the core. By collecting the NV fluorescence at the fiber's output and recording Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) spectra as the excitation source moves, we can map the magnetic field profile along the fiber, accurately locating the field source. This straightforward sensor design holds promise for applications such as magnetic field mapping of integrated circuits in photonics and spintronics.
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We employ an optical fiber doped with randomly oriented fluorescent sub-micron diamonds and what we believe to be the novel zero-field resonance protocol to collect information on the localization and orientation of a magnetic-field source and its distribution. Many previous demonstrations of diamond-based magnetic field sensing achieved ultrahigh sensitivities down to the fT range warranted by manipulating spin states of the diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with externally applied radio or microwaves. The application of such oscillating fields is problematic in distributed magnetic-field measurements and may be incompatible with specific targets. Instead of relying on these approaches, we leveraged cross-relaxations of particular spin-state populations of the NV center under a magnetic field, thus observing zero-field resonances and making external radio frequency fields redundant. Combined with an optical fiber sensitive to the magnetic field along its entire length, remote sensing was realized that returned information on the spatial field distribution without using any moving mechanical elements in the detection system. Variation of the spatial parameters of the investigated field was achieved simply by controlling the current in a pair of induction coils easily integrable with optical fibers without limiting the fiber-specific functionality of the optical readout taking place at a fixed location at the optical fiber output. Lifting of the requirements related to the mechanical scanning of the fiber, the application of external fields, and the orientation of the NV centers against the measured field mark a very practical step forward in optically driven magnetic field sensing, not easily achievable with earlier implementations.
Diamond containing the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant sensing platform. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and therefore are limited to laboratory settings. By embedding micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, we demonstrate a robust fiber material capable of sensing magnetic fields. Luminescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance characterization reveal that the optical properties of NV centers in the diamond microcrystals are well preserved throughout the fiber drawing process. The hybrid fiber presents a low propagation loss of ∼4.0 dB/m in the NV emission spectral window, permitting remote monitoring of the optically detected magnetic resonance signals. We demonstrate NV-spin magnetic resonance readout through 50 cm of fiber. This study paves a way for the scalable fabrication of fiber-based diamond sensors for field-deployable quantum metrology applications.
Efficient collection of photoluminescence arising from spin dynamics of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is important for practical applications involving precise magnetic field or temperature mapping. These goals may be realized by the integration of nanodiamond particles with optical fibers and volumetric doping of the particles alongside the fiber core. That approach combines the advantages of robust axial fixation of NV diamonds with a direct spatial overlap of their fluorescence with the guided mode of the fiber. We developed a suspended core silicate glass fiber with 750 nm-diameter nanodiamonds located centrally in the 1.5 µm-core cross-section along its axis. The developed fiber probe was tested for its magnetic sensing performance in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements using a 24 cm-long fiber sample, with the NV excitation and fluorescence collection from the far ends of the sample and yielding optical readout contrast of 7% resulting in 0.5 µT·Hz-1/2 magnetic field sensitivity, two orders of magnitude better than in earlier designs. Thanks to its improved fluorescence confinement, the developed probe could find application in magnetic sensing over extended fiber length, magnetic field mapping or gradiometry.
A magnetic field sensor based on a fiber-optic integrated probe at the center of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) is proposed and demonstrated. Fiber optics are utilized to replace all conventional spatial optics while efficiently enabling laser excitation and fluorescence collection from diamond. Optical models were developed to study the fluorescence collection efficiency of diamond. The fiber-coupled probe was simulated and its efficiency was improved to 3.062% compared to the 0.607% fluorescence coupling efficiency of the fiber. The optical probe magnetic resonance (ODMR) phenomenon was successfully observed and significantly improved the magnetic field sensitivity to 5.3 nT/Hz1/2, which proved the feasibility and performance compared with the conventional confocal NV-centered magnetometer.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a prime candidate for quantum sensing technologies. Here, we present a fully integrated and mechanically robust fiber-based endoscopic sensor with a tip diameter of 1.25 mm . On its tip, a direct laser-writing process is used to secure a diamond containing NV centers above the fiber’s core inside a polymer structure. Additionally, a metallic direct laser-written antenna structure next to the fiber facet allows efficient microwave manipulation of NV-center spins. The sensor achieves a shot-noise-limited magnetic-field sensitivity of 5.9 nT / Hz using a 15 − μ m -sized microdiamond at a microwave power of 50 mW and an optical power of 2.15 mW . Using lock-in techniques, we measure a sensitivity of 51.8 nT / Hz . Furthermore, we introduce a dual-fiber concept that enables, in combination with a direct laser-written structure, independent guiding of excitation and fluorescence light and thus reduces background autofluorescence. Moreover, controlled guiding of excitation light to the diamond while avoiding sample illumination may enable operation in light-sensitive environments such as biological tissue. While the demonstrated sensitivity is achieved using a single-fiber configuration, the dual-fiber approach provides a path toward integrating smaller diamonds, where autofluorescence would otherwise limit performance. We demonstrate the capability of vector magnetic-field measurements in the type of magnetic field used in state-of-the-art ultracold quantum gas experiments, opening a potential arena in which high resolution and high sensitivity are required.