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Direct detection of combined Rabi oscillations and fine-structure quantum beats in a neutral quantum-dot exciton

Adetunmise C. Dada, Ted Silva Santana, Antonios Koutroumanis, Yong Ma, Suk-In Park, Jin Dong Song, Brian D. Gerardot

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A commonly observed quantum-interference phenomenon is Rabi oscillations—understood as a ‘quantum beat’ between two dressed states separated by the Rabi splitting (RS) energy in a driven two-level (artificial) atom [1]. It is a signature of quantum coherence fundamental to the manipulation of atomic qubits in quantum information processing, and has been observed in quantum dots (QDs) (see Ref [2] and references therein). Another quantum-beat phenomenon occurs due to interference between the excited states of a V-type atomic system and has also been observed in the transient decay of QD emission from a suddenly excited neutral exciton state X0—an effective V-type system due to fine-structure splitting (FSS). Despite much related theoretical work and the availability of various platforms in which V-type systems could be realised, the observation of Rabi oscillations in resonance fluorescence from a coherently driven three-level V-type system remains a fundamentally interesting open question. In particular, quantum interference involving both RS and FSS has not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, through detection of time-resolved resonance fluorescence from a QD neutral exciton driven in the Rabi regime (Fig. 1), we experimentally demonstrate triple-slit-type quantum interference in a V-type three-level artificial atom [3]. This result is of fundamental interest in the experimental studies of the properties of V-type systems and may pave the way for further insight into their coherence properties. It also suggests QDs as candidates for multi-path-interference experiments for probing foundational concepts in quantum physics [4]. [1] Haroche, S. & Raimond, J.-M. Exploring the Quantum: Atoms, Cavities, and Photons. OUP Oxford, (2006). [2] Dada, A. C., et al. Optica 3, 493–498 (2016). [3] Dada, A. C., et al. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.02308 (2017). [4] Sinha, U., Couteau, C., Jennewein, T., Laflamme, R., & Weihs, G. Science 329, 418–421 (2010).

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A commonly observed quantum-interference phenomenon is Rabi oscillations—understood as a ‘quantum beat’ between two dressed states separated by the Rabi splitting (RS) energy in a driven two-level (artificial) atom [1]. It is a signature of quantum coherence fundamental to the manipulation of atomic qubits in quantum information processing, and has been observed in quantum dots (QDs) (see Ref [2] and references therein). Another quantum-beat phenomenon occurs due to interference between the excited states of a V-type atomic system and has also been observed in the transient decay of QD emission from a suddenly excited neutral exciton state X0—an effective V-type system due to fine-structure splitting (FSS). Despite much related theoretical work and the availability of various platforms in which V-type systems could be realised, the observation of Rabi oscillations in resonance fluorescence from a coherently driven three-level V-type system remains a fundamentally interesting open question. In particular, quantum interference involving both RS and FSS has not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, through detection of time-resolved resonance fluorescence from a QD neutral exciton driven in the Rabi regime (Fig. 1), we experimentally demonstrate triple-slit-type quantum interference in a V-type three-level artificial atom [3]. This result is of fundamental interest in the experimental studies of the properties of V-type systems and may pave the way for further insight into their coherence properties. It also suggests QDs as candidates for multi-path-interference experiments for probing foundational concepts in quantum physics [4]. [1] Haroche, S. & Raimond, J.-M. Exploring the Quantum: Atoms, Cavities, and Photons. OUP Oxford, (2006). [2] Dada, A. C., et al. Optica 3, 493–498 (2016). [3] Dada, A. C., et al. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.02308 (2017). [4] Sinha, U., Couteau, C., Jennewein, T., Laflamme, R., & Weihs, G. Science 329, 418–421 (2010).
Rabi oscillations of a two-level atom appear as a quantum interference effect between the amplitudes associated with atomic superpositions, in analogy with the classic double-slit experiment which manifests a sinusoidal interference pattern. By extension, through direct detection of time-resolved resonance fluorescence from a quantum-dot neutral exciton driven in the Rabi regime, we experimentally demonstrate triple-slit-type quantum interference via quantum erasure in a V-type three-level artificial atom. This result is of fundamental interest in the experimental studies of the properties of V-type three-level systems and may pave the way for further insight into their coherence properties as well as applications for quantum information schemes. It also suggests quantum dots as candidates for multipath-interference experiments for probing foundational concepts in quantum physics.
Summary form only given. Semiconductor quantum dots are attracting much interest as a candidate to implement the quantum information processing and the quantum computation. In order to examine the possibility of the quantum state manipulation, we study the excitonic Rabi flopping and a new type of quantum interference phenomena in semiconductor quantum dots. One of the most striking manifestation of the quantum coherence is the Rabi flopping. The observation of the excitonic Rabi splitting in an InGaAs quantum dot was reported recently. Under the strong excitation of an excited exciton state in a single quantum dot, the luminescence from the exciton ground state shows a doublet splitting. This splitting can be interpreted in the dressed exciton picture. Namely, under the strong and resonant excitation of a particular exciton state, the ground state of the system splits into two levels. Then the transition from the exciton ground state to the split ground state results in the doublet structure of the emission spectrum.
Optical Rabi oscillations are coherent population oscillations of a two-level system coupled by an electric dipole transition when driven by a strong nearly resonant optical field. In quantum dot structures, these measurements have typically been performed as a function of the total pulse area $\ensuremath{\int}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0}(t)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{d}t$ where the pulse area varies as a function of Rabi frequency. Here, we report direct detection of the time-resolved coherent transient response of the resonance fluorescence to measure the time evolution of the optical Rabi oscillations in a single charged InAs quantum dot. We extract a decoherence rate consistent with the limit from the excited state lifetime.
Summary form only given. We present direct experimental evidence of Rabi oscillation (RO) in individual self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) and experimental observation of a new quantum interference (QI) phenomenon. Our detailed theoretical investigations attribute this phenomenon to the coherent dynamics resulting from the interplay between RO and QI. We conduct experiments on an In/sub 0.5/Ga/sub 0.5/As SAQD, which can be considered as a three level system To study the interplay of RO and QI, we perform single dot wavepacket interferometry measurements in the strong excitation regime.
Single-photon interference is observed on the ultranarrow long-term stable exciton resonance of an individual semiconductor quantum dot. This interference is related to the fine-structure splitting and allows direct conclusions about the coherence properties of the exciton. When selectively addressing a particular dot by quasiresonant phonon-assisted excitation, despite a rapid orientation relaxation on a 1-ps time scale, coherence is partly maintained. No significant further decoherence occurs when the ground state is reached until the exciton recombines radiatively (approximately 300 ps).
Introduction Quantum dots are often referred to as artificial atoms, since they trap carriers in discrete energy-levels due to the nanoscale three-dimensional finite potential energy well they provide. As such, dots exhibit a coherent light–matter interaction that is similar to an atom. This is evidenced by observations of atom–optics phenomena such as Rabi oscillations [43, 26], power broadening [27], Autler–Townes doublet [14, 42], Mollow triplet [42, 8], and coherent population trapping [6]. In this chapter, Rabi rotation measurements are used to examine how an exciton transition deviates from an ideal two-level atom due to its interaction with a reservoir of phonons. The neutral exciton transition may be regarded as a two-level system, or qubit, composed of the crystal ground-state ∣0〉 and a single electron-hole pair ∣ X 〉. The state-vector of a qubit can be described as a pseudo spin-half. When an oscillating electro-magnetic field resonantly excites the two-level transition it drives an oscillation in the population inversion known as a Rabi oscillation. This results from the oscillations of the driving field and the dipole of the two-level system being synchronous, such that in its rotating frame, the driving field acts as a static magnetic field that causes the pseudo-spin to rotate. Coherent control of the pseudo-spin can be achieved by applying well-defined driving fields, enabling the preparation, and manipulation of superposition states. Such coherent control concepts have found widespread use in electron spin, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.