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ACM Turing Celebration Conference - China (ACM TURC)

The improved protocol based on the Bennett 92 protocol

Yan Xiong, Hong Lai

Published May 17, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on the protocol of Bennett in 1992 (Phys Rev Lett, 68 3121, 1992) which utilized the pulse position modulation (PPM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) to improve the key rate and increase secure transmission distance. In our protocol, we apply PPM technology to B92 protocol (PPM-B92) to increase the key rate. In general, for an optical pulse with the average photon number μ = 0.1, we know that the empty photons is as high as 90.48%. In our protocol, there is only one time slot with photon pulses, and the photons in the pulses carry the log2 M bit information, so the key rate is improved. Bob only modulates the legal time slots to improve the efficiency of the protocol. Secondly, we apply orbital angular momentum (OAM) to the PPM-B92 protocol (PPM-OAM-B92) to increase secure transmission. OAM has rotation invariance, which solves the dependence of base. Through the MATLAB simulation results, we can see that the key rate of the PPM-B92 protocol is always higher than B92's. The PPM-OAM-B92 protocol can accommodate channel transmission loss up to 29dB.

DOI
10.1145/3321408.3326689

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In this paper, we propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on the protocol of Bennett in 1992 (Phys Rev Lett, 68 3121, 1992) which utilized the pulse position modulation (PPM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) to improve the key rate and increase secure transmission distance. In our protocol, we apply PPM technology to B92 protocol (PPM-B92) to increase the key rate. In general, for an optical pulse with the average photon number μ = 0.1, we know that the empty photons is as high as 90.48%. In our protocol, there is only one time slot with photon pulses, and the photons in the pulses carry the log2 M bit information, so the key rate is improved. Bob only modulates the legal time slots to improve the efficiency of the protocol. Secondly, we apply orbital angular momentum (OAM) to the PPM-B92 protocol (PPM-OAM-B92) to increase secure transmission. OAM has rotation invariance, which solves the dependence of base. Through the MATLAB simulation results, we can see that the key rate of the PPM-B92 protocol is always higher than B92's. The PPM-OAM-B92 protocol can accommodate channel transmission loss up to 29dB.
In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) using pulse-position modulation (PPM) and propose the PPM-based BB84 QKD protocol. With the adoption of PPM, the efficiency of utilizing weak laser pulses can be improved and hence the key rate. We first analyse the potential of using PPM from the perspective of raw key rate. We then provide detailed description of the proposed protocol, the encoding rule of which has to be specifically designed in order to be secure. Lastly, we consider the intercept-resend and photon-number splitting attacks and analyse the secret key rate of the proposed QKD protocol. Our analysis shows that in high-loss channel, the proposed PPM-based BB84 protocol can achieve higher secret key rates compared to the conventional BB84 protocol.
Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a promising technique that can be used to improve the efficiency of quantum key distribution (QKD) based on a Poisson photon source. In this paper, we first investigate a simple entanglement-and- PPM-based QKD protocol and demonstrate the improvement in secret key rate. However, such a PPM-based QKD protocol that utilizes only frames with a single click is still inefficient because it ignores frames with two and more clicks. For this reason we propose to use such multi-click frames to further improve the efficiency of PPM-based QKD by employing a better sifting strategy. Specifically, we focus on using the frames with two clicks in addition to those with a single click. Finally, we analyze the secret key rate under various noise levels in the scenario of high channel loss, which has been faced by most QKD applications. With the analytical results, we show the advantage of the proposed PPM-based QKD.
Abstract Up to now, there are only a few studies on the application of pulse position modulation (PPM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) in measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum private queries (QPQ) protocols. Given this, we design a QPQ protocol based on PPM-OAM and MDI-QKD (quantum key distribution), i.e. PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol, which avoids the dependence of the basis besides inheriting the advantages of MDI-QPQ. Our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can achieve longer-distance QPQ and speed up private queries. Moreover, our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can eliminate the basis-dependent flaw and demonstrate a useful technique for high-rate satellite-based QPQ. Meanwhile, our protocol applies quantum memory to achieve the function of a quantum repeater, achieving much longer-distance QPQ.
It has been widely recognized that the underlying principles of quantum mechanics could be used to enable secure communications, without any additional conventional cryptographic systems, while utilizing the properties of the photons. Considerable research efforts have been invested to develop an efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme over either free-space optical or fiber-optics channels. Most of these research efforts have been focused on a two-dimensional QKD, commonly realized by the use of the polarization state of photons. However, the data rates for the quantum key exchange in two-dimensional QKD are still low, while transmission distance is limited. On the other hand, it is well known that photons can carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM), associated with the polarization and azimuthal phase of the complex electric field, respectively. Accordingly, we can define the combined-OAM-SAM state of a photon as |l, σ〉, where l and σ correspond to OAM and SAM indexes, respectively. Since the OAM eigenstates are orthogonal, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted, which could considerably increase the total secure bit rate. To improve secure data rates, we propose two types of protocols, namely, nonentangled-based (such as weak coherent state) and entanglement-assisted protocols, both employing the photon combined-OAM-SAM state, which can be used for secure key distribution over free-space optical and few-mode fiber channels. Two types of entanglement-assisted protocols are described, namely, two-basis and (D + 1)-basis protocols ( D is dimensionality of corresponding Hilbert space). We further describe how to implement the qudit gates required for implementation of these protocols. Finally, we discuss the security issues of the proposed protocols and determine both infinite and finite secret key fraction rates.
How to improve the key distribution efficiency is key technique in quantum key distribution. An efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) states in the d-dimension Hilbert space is presented in this paper. In the protocol, each photon carries log2d bits information, and the key distribution efficiency is improved greatly. In addition, the numerical simulation for this key distribution protocol are also given to show the availability of the protocol.
Combing the orbital angular momentum and pulse position modulation, we propose a novel passive decoy-state quantum key distribution scheme with the single-intensity two-mode source. Besides, we give the lower bound of single-photon counting rate and the upper bound of single-photon error rate. Moreover, the system performance is numerically studied. The simulations demonstrate that the performance of scheme with orbital angular momentum coding is improved in terms of error rate, key generation rate and secure transmission distance. Meanwhile, by using the pulse position modulation technology, the performance is further enhanced. And the longer the frame length, the better the system performance. Therefore, our scheme does not need to modulate the light intensity, and exploits the combination of orbital angular momentum and pulse position modulation to eliminate the basis-dependent flaw and improve the key generation rate. It has certain reference value to the realization of the system.