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Laser Physics

Efficient quantum private queries based on quantum key distribution with pulse-position modulation

Hong Lai, Mingxing Luo, Yongjian Xu, Josef Pieprzyk, Lei Pan, Jun Zhang, Mehmet Ali Orgun

Published Mar 26, 2019• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Up to now, there are only a few studies on the application of pulse position modulation (PPM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) in measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum private queries (QPQ) protocols. Given this, we design a QPQ protocol based on PPM-OAM and MDI-QKD (quantum key distribution), i.e. PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol, which avoids the dependence of the basis besides inheriting the advantages of MDI-QPQ. Our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can achieve longer-distance QPQ and speed up private queries. Moreover, our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can eliminate the basis-dependent flaw and demonstrate a useful technique for high-rate satellite-based QPQ. Meanwhile, our protocol applies quantum memory to achieve the function of a quantum repeater, achieving much longer-distance QPQ.

DOI
10.1088/1555-6611/ab0d11

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Abstract Up to now, there are only a few studies on the application of pulse position modulation (PPM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) in measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum private queries (QPQ) protocols. Given this, we design a QPQ protocol based on PPM-OAM and MDI-QKD (quantum key distribution), i.e. PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol, which avoids the dependence of the basis besides inheriting the advantages of MDI-QPQ. Our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can achieve longer-distance QPQ and speed up private queries. Moreover, our PPM-OAM-MDI-QPQ protocol can eliminate the basis-dependent flaw and demonstrate a useful technique for high-rate satellite-based QPQ. Meanwhile, our protocol applies quantum memory to achieve the function of a quantum repeater, achieving much longer-distance QPQ.
In this paper, we propose a measurement-device-independent quantum-key-distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol using orbital angular momentum (OAM) in free space links, named the OAM-MDI-QKD protocol. In the proposed protocol, the OAM states of photons, instead of polarization states, are used as the information carriers to avoid the reference frame alignment, the decoy-state is adopted to overcome the security loophole caused by the weak coherent pulse source, and the high efficient OAM-sorter is adopted as the measurement tool for Charlie to obtain the output OAM state. Here, Charlie may be an untrusted third party. The results show that the authorized users, Alice and Bob, could distill a secret key with Charlie’s successful measurements, and the key generation performance is slightly better than that of the polarization-based MDI-QKD protocol in the two-dimensional OAM cases. Simultaneously, Alice and Bob can reduce the number of flipping the bits in the secure key distillation. It is indicated that a higher key generation rate performance could be obtained by a high dimensional OAM-MDI-QKD protocol because of the unlimited degree of freedom on OAM states. Moreover, the results show that the key generation rate and the transmission distance will decrease as the growth of the strength of atmospheric turbulence (AT) and the link attenuation. In addition, the decoy states used in the proposed protocol can get a considerable good performance without the need for an ideal source.
Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Private Query (MDI QPQ) with qutrits is presented. We compare the database security and client’s privacy in MDI QPQ for qubits with qutrits. For some instances, we observe that qutrit will provide better security for database than qubit. However, when it comes to the question of client’s privacy, we have to take additional measures in case of qutrit. Hence, we conclude that though in case of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) higher dimension provides better security, in case of QPQ this is not obvious.
With heralded pair coherent states (HPCS), orbital angular momentum (OAM) states and pulse position modulation (PPM) technology, a decoy-state measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is proposed. OAM states and PPM technology are used to realize the coding of the signal states in the HPCS light source. The use of HPCS light source, OAM coding and PPM coding cannot only reduce the error rate but also improve the key generation rate and communication distance. The new MDI-QKD protocol also employs three-intensity decoy states to avoid the attacks against the light source. By calculating the error rate and key generation rate, the performance of the MDI-QKD protocol is analyzed. Numerical simulation shows that the protocol has very low error rate and very high key generation rate. Moreover, the maximum communication distance can reach 455 km.
In this paper, we propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on the protocol of Bennett in 1992 (Phys Rev Lett, 68 3121, 1992) which utilized the pulse position modulation (PPM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) to improve the key rate and increase secure transmission distance. In our protocol, we apply PPM technology to B92 protocol (PPM-B92) to increase the key rate. In general, for an optical pulse with the average photon number μ = 0.1, we know that the empty photons is as high as 90.48%. In our protocol, there is only one time slot with photon pulses, and the photons in the pulses carry the log2 M bit information, so the key rate is improved. Bob only modulates the legal time slots to improve the efficiency of the protocol. Secondly, we apply orbital angular momentum (OAM) to the PPM-B92 protocol (PPM-OAM-B92) to increase secure transmission. OAM has rotation invariance, which solves the dependence of base. Through the MATLAB simulation results, we can see that the key rate of the PPM-B92 protocol is always higher than B92's. The PPM-OAM-B92 protocol can accommodate channel transmission loss up to 29dB.
On the one hand, existing measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocols have usually adopted single photon source (SPS) and weak coherent photon (WCP), however, these protocols have suffered from multi-photon problem brought from photon splitter number attacks. On the other hand, the orbital angular momentum (OAM)-MDI-QKD protocol does not need to compare and adjust the reference frame, solving the dependency of the base in the MDI-QKD protocol. Given that, we propose the OAM-MDI-QKD protocol based on the parametric light sources which mainly include single-photon-added-coherent (SPACS) and heralded single-photon sources (HSPS). Due to the stability of OAM and the participation of parametric light sources, the performance of MDI-QKD protocol gradually approaches the ideal situation. Numerical simulation shows that compared with WCP scheme, HSPS and SPACS schemes have increased the maximum secure transmission distance by 30 km and 40 km respectively.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has the characteristics of high dimension and rotational symmetry. Quantum key distribution (QKD) schemes using OAM can carry more quantum information, improve the transmission capacity of information and reduce the errors caused by reference frame calibration errors. In this paper, we propose a measurement-device-independent QKD scheme based on OAM with dual detectors. On the basis of the measurement-device-independent QKD protocol, we use OAMs to encode the key information and then send them to a third-party measurement device. In the process of measurement, we adopt the dual-detector theory to improve key generation rate and transmission distance. Simulation analyses show that the secure transmission distance of our scheme can reach 140 km, which is about 30km more than the scheme using single detector.