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IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT)

Quantum key distribution based on Orbital Angular Momentum

Yuan Qian, Shengmei Zhao

Published Nov 1, 2010• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

How to improve the key distribution efficiency is key technique in quantum key distribution. An efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) states in the d-dimension Hilbert space is presented in this paper. In the protocol, each photon carries log2d bits information, and the key distribution efficiency is improved greatly. In addition, the numerical simulation for this key distribution protocol are also given to show the availability of the protocol.

DOI
10.1109/icct.2010.5689105

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How to improve the key distribution efficiency is key technique in quantum key distribution. An efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) states in the d-dimension Hilbert space is presented in this paper. In the protocol, each photon carries log2d bits information, and the key distribution efficiency is improved greatly. In addition, the numerical simulation for this key distribution protocol are also given to show the availability of the protocol.
We propose an improved quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled states. Three Lucas-valued OAM entangled photons are generated by two cascaded spontaneous parameter down-conversion processes. Two photons are detained and detected by Alice, while the other is transmitted to Bob and then detected. A new scheme is designed to sift the original key bits. Compared to existing protocols, we believe our protocol greatly improves coding efficiency and is verifiable. The analysis results show that our protocol is immune to the photon-number-splitting attack, the intercept-resend attack and the classical information leakage. This work provides an efficient path to high-dimensional QKD systems.
It has been widely recognized that the underlying principles of quantum mechanics could be used to enable secure communications, without any additional conventional cryptographic systems, while utilizing the properties of the photons. Considerable research efforts have been invested to develop an efficient quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme over either free-space optical or fiber-optics channels. Most of these research efforts have been focused on a two-dimensional QKD, commonly realized by the use of the polarization state of photons. However, the data rates for the quantum key exchange in two-dimensional QKD are still low, while transmission distance is limited. On the other hand, it is well known that photons can carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM), associated with the polarization and azimuthal phase of the complex electric field, respectively. Accordingly, we can define the combined-OAM-SAM state of a photon as |l, σ〉, where l and σ correspond to OAM and SAM indexes, respectively. Since the OAM eigenstates are orthogonal, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted, which could considerably increase the total secure bit rate. To improve secure data rates, we propose two types of protocols, namely, nonentangled-based (such as weak coherent state) and entanglement-assisted protocols, both employing the photon combined-OAM-SAM state, which can be used for secure key distribution over free-space optical and few-mode fiber channels. Two types of entanglement-assisted protocols are described, namely, two-basis and (D + 1)-basis protocols ( D is dimensionality of corresponding Hilbert space). We further describe how to implement the qudit gates required for implementation of these protocols. Finally, we discuss the security issues of the proposed protocols and determine both infinite and finite secret key fraction rates.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) guarantees the security of communication with quantum physics. Most of widely adopted QKD protocols currently encode the key information with binary signal format---qubit, such as the polarization states. Therefore the transmitted information efficiency of the quantum key is intrinsically upper bounded by 1 bit per photon. High dimensional quantum system is a potential candidate for increasing the capacity of single photon. However, due to the difficulty in manipulating and measuring high dimensional quantum systems, the experimental high dimensional QKD is still at its infancy. Here we propose a sort of practical high-speed high dimensional QKD using partial mutual unbiased basis (PMUB) of photon's orbital angular momentum (OAM). Different from the previous OAM encoding, the high dimensional Hilbert space we used is expanded by the OAM states with same mode order, which can be extended to considerably high dimensions and implemented under current state of the art. Because all the OAM states are in the same mode order, the coherence will be well kept after long-distance propagation, and the detection can be achieved by using passive linear optical elements with very high speed. We show that our protocol has high key generation rate and analyze the anti-noise ability under atmospheric turbulence. Furthermore, the security of our protocol based on PMUB is rigorously proved. Our protocol paves a brand new way for the application of photon's OAM in high dimensional QKD field, which can be a breakthrough for high efficiency quantum communications.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has the characteristics of high dimension and rotational symmetry. Quantum key distribution (QKD) schemes using OAM can carry more quantum information, improve the transmission capacity of information and reduce the errors caused by reference frame calibration errors. In this paper, we propose a measurement-device-independent QKD scheme based on OAM with dual detectors. On the basis of the measurement-device-independent QKD protocol, we use OAMs to encode the key information and then send them to a third-party measurement device. In the process of measurement, we adopt the dual-detector theory to improve key generation rate and transmission distance. Simulation analyses show that the secure transmission distance of our scheme can reach 140 km, which is about 30km more than the scheme using single detector.
A new implementation of high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is discussed. Using three mutual unbiased bases, we present a d-level six-state QKD protocol that exploits the orbital angular momentum with the spatial mode of the light beam. The protocol shows that the feature of a high capacity since keys are encoded using photon modes in d-level Hilbert space. The devices for state preparation and measurement are also discussed. This protocol has high security and the alignment of shared reference frames is not needed between sender and receiver.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) technology has demonstrated remarkable practicality and sustained developmental trends in the current field of quantum communication. This paper focuses on a novel and potent quantum communication protocol, specifically quantum key distribution utilizing the encoding of information through orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons. OAM states, owing to their distinctive properties, exhibit significant advantages in terms of information capacity and channel robustness. However, the sensitivity of OAM states to atmospheric conditions and challenges arising from wavefront distortions necessitate in-depth investigation. Additionally, the unique structure of OAM beams has raised concerns about geometric losses. By analyzing the impact of atmospheric turbulence and geometric losses on the transmission performance when applying the OAM-QKD protocol in free space, this paper explores variations in system losses under different OAM orders. Simulation results indicated that as the channel distance increases, system losses gradually escalate. Furthermore, with an increase in OAM order, although the system's sensitivity to atmospheric turbulence diminishes, geometric losses exhibit an exponential increase. Addressing this issue, our research suggested that when considering free-space quantum key distribution with OAM encoding, selecting an OAM order of 1 for the beam achieves minimal transmission losses. Therefore, in practical applications, employing OAM beams with <?TeX l=1l = 1l=1 ?> emerges as an effective strategy to optimize the performance of the OAM-QKD protocol in free space.