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Cybersecurity Education Science Technique

INCREASING THE SWITCHING RATE OF THE AND AND OR LOGICAL OPERATIONS BASED ON JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS

М. В. Тиханський, Andrii Partyka, Р. Р. Крисько

Published Jan 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Using of traditional logic elements in digital electronics has ensured the development of a wide range of electronic devices for many years. In parallel, research and development of logical elements are carried out on the basis of other non-traditional physical phenomena or effects, in particular logic elements based on the phenomenon of superconductivity, the prospect of which is the use of very small energy consumption and ultrahigh performance. For superconducting logic elements, using various Josephson cryoelectronic structures, known as Josephson cryotrons, based on the stationary and non-stationary effects of Josephson. On the basis of the Josephson cryotrons, one can create Josephson elements of computer memory, and Josephson elements of digital logic. The main requirements for the Josephson cryotrons are a stable operating mode and high speed or short switching time. Information about the mode of operation and the speed give us the transition characteristics of the cryotrons - the time dependence of the voltage on the cryotron while changing its logical state, which can be obtained either experimentally, or theoretically. This work aims at a search for new ways of increasing the switching rate of digital logical operators by employing physical structures other than the traditional semiconductor-based schemes. We propose the principles of designing digital logical operators based on Josephson cryotrons, whose operation utilizes the stationary and dynamical Josephson effects, and describe the operational principles of the logical elements “AND” and “OR” bases on tunneling Josephson junctions “superconductor-insulator-superconductor”. Our proposed mathematical models for the commutation processes in such logical elements allowed us to calculate their transition characteristics during the switching and to determine the main parameters in such models. It was shown that the logical elements “AND” and “OR” can be implemented on individual cryotrons and that their logical state can be controlled by input signals in a form of current pulses. Such logical elements meet all the requirements for digital logical elements and have switching time of about 2-3 ps, which indicates their significantly increased switching rate.

DOI
10.28925/2663-4023.2019.4.3243

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Using of traditional logic elements in digital electronics has ensured the development of a wide range of electronic devices for many years. In parallel, research and development of logical elements are carried out on the basis of other non-traditional physical phenomena or effects, in particular logic elements based on the phenomenon of superconductivity, the prospect of which is the use of very small energy consumption and ultrahigh performance. For superconducting logic elements, using various Josephson cryoelectronic structures, known as Josephson cryotrons, based on the stationary and non-stationary effects of Josephson. On the basis of the Josephson cryotrons, one can create Josephson elements of computer memory, and Josephson elements of digital logic. The main requirements for the Josephson cryotrons are a stable operating mode and high speed or short switching time. Information about the mode of operation and the speed give us the transition characteristics of the cryotrons - the time dependence of the voltage on the cryotron while changing its logical state, which can be obtained either experimentally, or theoretically. This work aims at a search for new ways of increasing the switching rate of digital logical operators by employing physical structures other than the traditional semiconductor-based schemes. We propose the principles of designing digital logical operators based on Josephson cryotrons, whose operation utilizes the stationary and dynamical Josephson effects, and describe the operational principles of the logical elements “AND” and “OR” bases on tunneling Josephson junctions “superconductor-insulator-superconductor”. Our proposed mathematical models for the commutation processes in such logical elements allowed us to calculate their transition characteristics during the switching and to determine the main parameters in such models. It was shown that the logical elements “AND” and “OR” can be implemented on individual cryotrons and that their logical state can be controlled by input signals in a form of current pulses. Such logical elements meet all the requirements for digital logical elements and have switching time of about 2-3 ps, which indicates their significantly increased switching rate.
We propose a design principle of digital logic gates based on Josephson cryotrons. The operation mode of digital logic gates AND and OR based on tunnel junctions “superconductor–insulator–superconductor” was described. Mathematical models of the switching processes in the logic elements were developed, the transient characteristics during the logic state change were calculated, and the basic parameters of these models were determined. It was shown that digital logic gates “AND” and “OR” can be realized based on individual Josephson cryotrons and their logic state can be controlled by using current pulses as control inputs. Such logic gates satisfy all the requirements for digital logic elements and have switching time of about 2–3 ps.
The goal of this work is to find ways of enhancing the speed of computer memory cells by using structures that employ operating principles other than those of traditional semiconductors’ schemes. One of the applications of the unique properties of Josephson structures is their usage in novel superfast computer memory cells. Thanks to their high working characteristic frequencies close to 1 THz, the Josephson structures are most promising candidates to be used in petaflop computers. Moreover, both Josephson cryotrons and Josephson SQUIDs can be used in qubits, which are basic units in quantum computers, and also for describing a macroscopic quantum behavior, for example, during read-out processes in quantum computations. In the present work, we have created a mathematical model of transition processes in Josephson cryotrons during direct, “1” → ”0”, as well as inverse, “0” → “1”, logical transitions. We have considered controlling the logical state of Josephson memory cells based on Josephson tunneling junctions of the S-I-S type via external current pulses. By means of mathematical modelling, we have studied transition processes in cryotrons during the change of their logical state and calculated their transition characteristics for working temperatures T1 = 11.6 K and T2 = 81.2 K, which ale close to the boiling temperatures of helium and nitrogen, respectively. It has been shown that such memory cells can effectively operate at the working temperature T2 = 81.2 K. We have determined commutation times for both the direct “0” → “1” and inverse “0” → “1” transitions. We have also identified peculiar behaviors of the Josephson cryotrons based memory cells and studied the stability of their operation.
In the present work, we have improved the mathematical model of transition processes in Josephson memory cells (cryotrons), which can be created on the base of semiconductor quantum interferometers (SQUIDs). We employed two-contact SQUIDs to construct the cryotrons and investigated the possibilities to control the cryotrons’ logical state by means of mathematical modeling. A combined method of logical state controlling of such cryotrons has been proposed since the simpler controlling method, where only impulses of magnetic flux are used, fails to provide stable operation of cryotrons during the inverse logical transitions “1” → “0”. We show that the direct logical transitions “0” → “1” are effectively realized via controlling magnetic flux impulses whereas the transitions “1” → “0” are realized via controlling current impulses. Transition characteristics of the cryotrons during direct and inverse logical transitions are calculated.
The potential of a new technology, based on the superconducting Josephson tunneling effect, has been assessed for use in high-speed computer systems. Josephson tunneling circuits for memory and logic functions can be switched at sub-nanosecond delay, do not require standby power, and dissipate extremely low energy, typically less than 10-13joule during fast switching operation. High-speed circuits with high packing densities, not limited by power dissipation problems, can therefore be expected. Low thermal noise at cryogenic temperatures ensures reliable operation despite the low energy switching signal. Practically lossless signal transmission via superconducting lines can be exploited for high-speed operation even when sizeable memory and logic modules are assembled. Two random access memory modules have been designed on the basis of single device experiments. Operational characteristics leading to the conclusion that 30 Mbit capacity, less than 1 watt refrigeration requirement (at 3.6° K) and cycle times of 40 ns (in one case) and 15 ns (in the second case), can be achieved are presented.
The dc and ac Josephson effects and the behavior of the current‐voltage characteristics of Josephson junctions are briefly reviewed. The Josephson junction cryotron is described. Two cryotrons have been incorporated into a NDRO memory cell with a switching time of 80ps, a power‐delay product of 10−16J, and an area of 900μm2. DRO memory cells involving the storage of a single flux quantum have estimated switching speeds of 50ps and a dissipation in continuous operation of 40nW. Latching logic elements with a switching time of 200ps and a power‐delay product of 5fJ have been built. Non‐latching devices and the flux shuttle are described. The use of dc and rf SQUIDS in conjunction with flux transformers for magnetic measurements is discussed. Presently achieved sensitivities are: magnetic field, 10−15THz−1/2, magnetic field gradient, 10−13Tm−1Hz−1/2; magnetic susceptibility, 2×10−11 e.m.u. for 1cm3 at 10−1T; voltage, 10−15VHz−1/2. The highest energy resolution reported for a SQUID‐transformer combination is 8×10−30 JHz−1 in a frequency range from 2×10−2Hz to 1kHz. At lower frequencies the noise power spectrum is 1/f. The performance of the computer and measuring devices is compared with that of conventional (non‐superconducting) devices.
The design and experimental investigation of a simple logic circuit employing Josephson tunnel junctions as the switching elements is described. The design utilized matched transmission lines as signal carriers. The physical layout was simulated on a computer with a model consisting of 3 Josephson gates and 28 transmission line segments. Results of both quasi-static and high speed testing were found to be in essential agreement with theoretical expectations; only dynamic results are presented here in detail. The experimental circuit had gates with 165 ps risetimes, and in the high speed investigation, was operated with bursts of 700 ps risetime pulses tightly spaced so as to simulate a repetition rate of ∼1 GHz.