© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Delayed Choice Experiment and Disconnectedness of Microscopic Space

Bowen Liu

Published Sep 1, 2018• 1 citation

Abstract

A brand new approach in the study of quantum experiment is introduced in this paper. The theoretical model of the delayed choice experiment is divided into two parts: micro-matter process model and spatial process model. People have been focusing only on micro-matter process. We focus on the details of the M-C (micro-to-current) space channel: the correspondence from micro-events to current events, the dependence of the validity check of the correspondence on extrinsic recursion invoking itself, the jurisdiction of current space to the micro-collapse. We show that the delayed choice experiment is just a global collapse experiment, and that the carrier of the coordinate difference in the micro-spatial channel is non-local. Consequently, it negates the existence of a common coordinate-difference carrier to micro-space and current space, and negates the connectedness between micro-space and current space. The purpose of this paper is, in terms of the delayed choice experiment, to show that the roots of the counter-intuition of quantum theory is the basic topological nature of space itself (disconnectedness) that forces microscopic matter to exhibit counterintuitive and non-causal features. We show that the delayed choice experiment supports the de-philosophizing Copenhagen interpretation.

Related papers

Complete Micro-physics Unifying Copenhagen QM and EPR: Non-connected Space Embedding

Bowen Liu

We unexpectedly show that complete micro-physics unifying Copenhagen QM and EPR (that restores to micro-matter causality and locality) is possible. There are two ways to unify physics: the Standard Model approach is that mathematics first and experimental foundation second, the priority of matter evolution over anything; our approach is that experimental foundation first and mathematics second, the priority of space evolution over matter evolution. Our work gives a brand new approach in the field of unified physics. First, similar to Turing’s modeling of computation, we model the spatial process of quantum experiments; give the barest essentials of the space process (as a necessary condition for unified physics): the micro-to-current space process does not have the exchangeability of observers. Second, the revolutionary concepts produced by space process modeling forces us to introduce a new geometry model: non-connected space embedding. Namely, 3-dimensional micro-space is embedded in the 3-dimensional current space in a non-connected way, and the embedding produces a mapping from microscopic space to current space and makes the complete microscopic form into an incomplete quantum form described in terms of state space. In this way, the unification of Copenhagen QM and EPR can be achieved. Space embedding, which has a more reliable experimental basis than the Standard Model, overturns the traditional space theory.

•Oct 1, 2018•0 citations

Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasure Experiment: A Causal Explanation Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Nakka Gurappa

According to the recently proposed ``wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function is an `instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which a quantum flies akin to the case of a test particle moving along a geodesic in the curved space-time of general theory of relativity. By making use of this physical nature, a causal explanation is provided for the delayed-choice quantum erasure experiment.

•Jul 1, 2021•0 citations

Projection evolution and delayed-choice experiments

ANDRZEJ GÓŹDŹ, K. Stefańska

A theoretical description of Wheeler's delayed-choice Gedankenexperiment is presented in the non-relativistic space-time in terms of quantum events. It turns out that the description, in which time is a dynamical variable, allows to explain the delayed-choice problem as a result of spread of quantum states in time.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Mar 1, 2008•9 citations

Dynamic Cosmic Splitting-Merging Hypothesis Based on Inter-Universe Quantum Entanglement: A Unified Interpretation of Core Quantum Experiments

Guangpu Li

Aiming at the logical paradoxes and intuitive conflicts in mainstream quantum mechanics interpretations, this paper proposes a novel Dynamic Cosmic Splitting-Merging Hypothesis Driven by Inter-Universe Quantum Entanglement. When a physical event has two or more mutually exclusive possibilities, the universe instantaneously splits into corresponding parallel branches, which maintain global inter-universe quantum entanglement. Conscious observation or subjective final choice acts as the trigger for non-local entanglement synchronization, forcing all branched universes to collapse and merge into a unique macroscopic reality. This hypothesis eliminates the counter-intuitive quantum superposition of the Copenhagen interpretation and the infinite proliferation of parallel universes in the Many-Worlds Interpretation, providing a self-consistent and closed explanation for the double-slit interference experiment, Schrödinger's cat gedankenexperiment, and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. A minimal mathematical formalism is constructed to formalize the core physical mechanism.

•May 24, 2026•0 citations

Realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics and encounter-delayed-choice experiment

GuiLu Long, Wei Qin, Zhe Yang +1 more

In this paper, a realistic interpretation (REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather than a mere mathematical description. Specifically, the quantum object can exist in disjointed regions of space just as the wave function is distributed, travels at a finite speed, and collapses instantly upon a measurement. Furthermore, we analyze the single-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using the REIN. Based on this, we propose and experimentally implement a generalized delayed-choice experiment, called the encounter-delayed-choice experiment, where the second beam splitter is decided whether or not to insert at the encounter of two sub-waves along the arms of the MZI. In such an experiment, the parts of the sub-waves, which do not travel through the beam splitter, show a particle nature, whereas the remaining parts interfere and thus show a wave nature. The predicted phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in the experiment, thus supporting the REIN idea.

Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy•Dec 13, 2017•48 citations

A Causal and Local Interpretation of Experimental Realization of Wheeler's Delayed-choice Gedanken Experiment

J. E. F. Araújo, João L. Cordovil, Croca +1 more

Abstract: Recently the experimental group of A. Aspect published a very interesting experimental realization of the well known Wheeler’s delayed-choice Gedanken Experiment. In the paper the authors refer to the usual, non causal linear explanation of the experiment. In the present work we show how it is possible, and furthermore desirable, to explain the same experiment in terms of the modern local causal and nonlinear quantum theory, inspired in the work of the great physicist Louis de Broglie. In this way we are able to get rid of the mysteries and of the weird features of the orthodox interpretation, like retractions in time, and therefore recover causality and rationality once more.

•Jan 1, 2009•4 citations

A brand new approach in the study of quantum experiment is introduced in this paper. The theoretical model of the delayed choice experiment is divided into two parts: micro-matter process model and spatial process model. People have been focusing only on micro-matter process. We focus on the details of the M-C (micro-to-current) space channel: the correspondence from micro-events to current events, the dependence of the validity check of the correspondence on extrinsic recursion invoking itself, the jurisdiction of current space to the micro-collapse. We show that the delayed choice experiment is just a global collapse experiment, and that the carrier of the coordinate difference in the micro-spatial channel is non-local. Consequently, it negates the existence of a common coordinate-difference carrier to micro-space and current space, and negates the connectedness between micro-space and current space. The purpose of this paper is, in terms of the delayed choice experiment, to show that the roots of the counter-intuition of quantum theory is the basic topological nature of space itself (disconnectedness) that forces microscopic matter to exhibit counterintuitive and non-causal features. We show that the delayed choice experiment supports the de-philosophizing Copenhagen interpretation.

We unexpectedly show that complete micro-physics unifying Copenhagen QM and EPR (that restores to micro-matter causality and locality) is possible. There are two ways to unify physics: the Standard Model approach is that mathematics first and experimental foundation second, the priority of matter evolution over anything; our approach is that experimental foundation first and mathematics second, the priority of space evolution over matter evolution. Our work gives a brand new approach in the field of unified physics. First, similar to Turing’s modeling of computation, we model the spatial process of quantum experiments; give the barest essentials of the space process (as a necessary condition for unified physics): the micro-to-current space process does not have the exchangeability of observers. Second, the revolutionary concepts produced by space process modeling forces us to introduce a new geometry model: non-connected space embedding. Namely, 3-dimensional micro-space is embedded in the 3-dimensional current space in a non-connected way, and the embedding produces a mapping from microscopic space to current space and makes the complete microscopic form into an incomplete quantum form described in terms of state space. In this way, the unification of Copenhagen QM and EPR can be achieved. Space embedding, which has a more reliable experimental basis than the Standard Model, overturns the traditional space theory.

Aiming at the logical paradoxes and intuitive conflicts in mainstream quantum mechanics interpretations, this paper proposes a novel Dynamic Cosmic Splitting-Merging Hypothesis Driven by Inter-Universe Quantum Entanglement. When a physical event has two or more mutually exclusive possibilities, the universe instantaneously splits into corresponding parallel branches, which maintain global inter-universe quantum entanglement. Conscious observation or subjective final choice acts as the trigger for non-local entanglement synchronization, forcing all branched universes to collapse and merge into a unique macroscopic reality. This hypothesis eliminates the counter-intuitive quantum superposition of the Copenhagen interpretation and the infinite proliferation of parallel universes in the Many-Worlds Interpretation, providing a self-consistent and closed explanation for the double-slit interference experiment, Schrödinger's cat gedankenexperiment, and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. A minimal mathematical formalism is constructed to formalize the core physical mechanism.

In this paper, a realistic interpretation (REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather than a mere mathematical description. Specifically, the quantum object can exist in disjointed regions of space just as the wave function is distributed, travels at a finite speed, and collapses instantly upon a measurement. Furthermore, we analyze the single-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using the REIN. Based on this, we propose and experimentally implement a generalized delayed-choice experiment, called the encounter-delayed-choice experiment, where the second beam splitter is decided whether or not to insert at the encounter of two sub-waves along the arms of the MZI. In such an experiment, the parts of the sub-waves, which do not travel through the beam splitter, show a particle nature, whereas the remaining parts interfere and thus show a wave nature. The predicted phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in the experiment, thus supporting the REIN idea.

Abstract: Recently the experimental group of A. Aspect published a very interesting experimental realization of the well known Wheeler’s delayed-choice Gedanken Experiment. In the paper the authors refer to the usual, non causal linear explanation of the experiment. In the present work we show how it is possible, and furthermore desirable, to explain the same experiment in terms of the modern local causal and nonlinear quantum theory, inspired in the work of the great physicist Louis de Broglie. In this way we are able to get rid of the mysteries and of the weird features of the orthodox interpretation, like retractions in time, and therefore recover causality and rationality once more.